Collaboration tool
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A collaboration tool helps people to collaborate. The purpose of a collaboration tool is to support a group of two or more individuals to accomplish a common goal or objective.[1] Collaboration tools can be either of a non-technological nature such as paper, flipcharts, post-it notes or whiteboards.[2] They can also include software tools and applications such as collaborative software.
Early computer-based collaboration tools
[edit]The first idea to use computers in order to work with each other was formed in 1945 when Vannevar Bush shared his thoughts on a system he named "memex" in his article "As We May Think".[3] A system that stores books, records and communications of an individual and makes them available at any time. At this stage he called it "an enlarged supplement to his memory".[4]
Computerized office automation
[edit]In 1968 computer systems were brought in connection with communication and the potential way of working together when not at the same place by Dr. J. C. R. Licklider, head of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In his article "The Computer as a Communication Device", he envisioned the idea that there should be a way of "facilitating communication among people without bringing them together in one place",[5] which eventually led to ARPANET, commercial time-sharing systems and finally the Internet.
When the microcomputer was invented in 1970, everyone learned about office automation, which led to the first collaborative software called Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) that allowed to do surveys, threaded replies and group-structured approaches. In 1991 educator C. A. Ellis came up with the definition of the term "groupware" as "computer-based systems that support groups of people engaged in a common task (or goal) and that provide an interface to a shared environment".[6] Paul Wilson then shaped the term "computer-supported cooperative work" (CSCW). He described it as "a generic term which combines the understanding of the way people work in groups with the enabling technologies of computer networking, and associated hardware, software, services, and techniques".[7]
This laid the foundation to develop further on the ideas of groupware and in the 1990s Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange Server and Outlook were invented. In 2002 at the Social Software Summit Clay Shirky introduced the phrase “social software” as a "software that supports group interaction".[8]
Main types
[edit]Three aspects of collaboration: communication, coordination and cooperation can be used to categorize collaboration tools.[9]
Communication
[edit]Communication tools provide exchange of information between individuals:[10]
The invention of email as a collaboration tool changed the way we used to communicate in the workplace. It is the easiest method to make contact within an organization and is well established. Especially for organizing daily correspondence, email can reach various people with just one click.[11]
Although email is still the most common used tool in communication collaboration it is not very efficient on a big scale and other forms of communication seem to take over. Besides its flexibility it is not very good for group conversations as they grow too fast.[citation needed] There is no way to be sure that a person has the latest version of a document that has been sent to them and it is impossible to always track via their email what tasks need to be done and by which deadline.[12] As Cisco states in their Cisco Blog about the "Future of Email", emails "will improve productivity by organizing your data for you" [13] and try to bring more transparency in their work with email.
Voicemail
[edit]Voicemail as a collaboration tool is more and more integrated in services such as Google Voice. As pointed out in an IBM future scenario the role of voicemail could be that of what email is for us today.[14]
Instant messaging (IM)
[edit]Through instant messaging as a collaboration tool we are able to reach people within an organisation in real-time. In the future instant messaging is not a stand-alone software anymore, but very well integrated in bigger solutions such as Unified Communication.[15]
VoIP (voice over IP) / video call
[edit]Voice over IP as a collaboration tool has quickly gained popularity among companies and is part of their communication portfolio. As a report from Eclipse Telecom is pointing out, the VoIP is moving towards the state to totally replace our telephones in our offices and also integrate in existing collaboration service environments.[16]
Coordination
[edit]Coordination is defined as "the deliberate and orderly alignment or adjustment of partners’ actions to achieve jointly determined goals".[17] Collaboration tools supporting this are the ones who allow a person to set up group activities, schedules and deliverables.
Online calendars
[edit]Online calendars are part of professional behaviour at work and fully integrated in other systems. As a research paper from University of Bath explains, online calendars could in the future be much closely linked to other data such as social media and have even a larger effect.[18]
Time-tracking software
[edit]Time trackers are especially used to measure the performance of employees. Its effect on productivity is discussed as being controversial.[19]
Spreadsheets
[edit]Spreadsheets are like emails very popular within the corporate environment and as a collaboration tool essential for financial analysis or modelling. Although very popular, several studies found out that many spreadsheets contain inaccurate data and are therefore inefficient.[20]
Cooperation
[edit]Cooperation tools allow groups to have real-time discussions and to shape an idea or thought together. Trends in terms of collaboration target on helping to maintain the "main idea" within big organizations and make connections visible. Also the idea of bringing people who are not working in a company on a regular basis into the organization and make use of their knowledge.[21]
Video conferencing
[edit]In most cases video conferencing is part of the overall communication and collaboration strategy of organisations. Especially now when all services are cloud-based and therefore implementation costs became more affordable. The longterm vision for video conferencing lies in the correct usage of computer processing power, data storage or mobile bandwidth speeds to further decrease the obstacles of collaboration.[22]
IM teleconferencing
[edit]Bringing teams, meetings or events as close as possible is what teleconferencing solutions want to do. Apart from business environments Teleconferencing is currently used in a variety of fields, such as telemedicine, where they contribute enormously to the efficiency and productivity as distance and time are limited factors.[23]
Classification based on dimensions
[edit]Asynchronous collaboration tools
[edit]A collaboration tool is asynchronous when its users are collaborating at a different time:[24][25]
E-Mail, mailinglists and newsgroups
[edit]E-Mail is the best known asynchronous collaboration tool and the most common used[26] - it offers intuitive features for forwarding messages, creating mailing groups and attaching documents. Furthermore, information can be automatically chronologically sorted and assigned to tasks or calendar events.
Through group calendars meetings can be scheduled, projects managed and people coordinated. It is a great tool to help a person overlook their deliverables and deadlines. A group calendar includes functions such as the detection of conflicting schedules with other people in a team or organization or coordination of meeting times that suit everybody in a team. Besides the positive effects of group calendar there is also controversy about privacy and control that might influence a person's productivity.[27]
With workflow systems files or documents can be communicated to the organization by following a strict and organised process. They provide services for routing, development of forms and support for roles. As current workflow systems are controlled from one point, individuals within an organization normally do not have the permission to manage their own processes so far - this should be changed by implementing collaborative planning tools to current workflow systems.[28]
Hypertext technology connects our files to each other and makes sure that always the latest version is available to us. When people work on different documents the system automatically updates the information of other people.[29]
Synchronous collaboration tools
[edit]
A collaboration tool is synchronous, when its users are collaborating at the same time:[24][25]
Shared whiteboards give its users the capability to work efficiently on a task through a web-based platform. They can be used for informal discussions and also for communications that need structure, involve drawing or are in general more sophisticated. This might also be very useful in to realise virtual classrooms.[30]
Video communication systems offer two-way or multi-way calling with a live videostream. It can be best compared to a telephone system with an additional visual element.[31]
Chat systems allow people to write and send messages in real-time. They are usually structured in chat rooms which show usernames, number of people, location, discussion topic and more.
Decision support systems support groups to manage the decision making process. They give people the ability to exchange their brainstorming, analyzing their ideas and even are used for voting.[32] Decision making is becoming more and more a core function of modern work. According to studies 50% of organizational decisions fail.[33]
Computer games are a good example of how a multi-user situation could look like in the future. They are constantly developed and expanded with features such as chat and video systems.[34]
Online Collaboration Tools
[edit]Online collaboration tools are web-based applications that offer basic services such as instant messaging for groups, mechanisms for file sharing and collaborative search engines (CSE) to find information distributed within the system of the organization, community or team. Additionally, the functionality is sometimes further expanded by providing for example integrated online calendars, shared online-whiteboards to organize tasks and ideas or internet teleconferencing integrations. The focus of online collaboration tools ranges from simple to complex, inexpensive to expensive, locally installed to remotely hosted and from commercial to open source.[35]
Background
[edit]New gadgets and devices are invented every day with the goal in mind to make our daily work easier. Online collaboration tools currently try to tackle problems like these:
- '38% of employee time is lost duplicating work and 58% of people waste an hour a day looking for information'.[36]
- '28 hours a week is spent on writing e-mails, searching for information and collaborating internally'.[37]
- '59% of managers miss vital information because they cannot find it or never see it'.[38]
- 'Six weeks per year are wasted by executives searching for lost documents'.[39]
These aspects point out that the problem we are facing is not a technological problem - it is about people and their interactions. Although technology really helps us in this way, the key to solve these problems can be found in the way how we use these tools. Although video conferencing tools such as Skype or FaceTime connect us with everyone, they do not always give us all the contextual information. What we see might not be the reality, as there might be other people in the room that one does not know about while skyping with one's colleagues at work. More connectivity also allows more interruption: A person can work from home but is always interrupted by their neighbours or the lawnmower.[40] This is why the future of collaboration tools looks for models that allow companies to collaborate in a focused and structured manner. One such application is the Finnish company Fingertip Ltd, which enables companies to facilitate collaboration and decision making.
Evolvement
[edit]From simple communication solutions to Unified Communications (UC)
[edit]The way we communicate with each other is constantly changing and disrupts our workplace environment. In 1971 programmer Ray Tomlinson sent the first message between two computers. Eight years later Usenet, a multi-network online forum, changed the way how we exchange information. With IRC in 1986, instant-messaging and group chatting became accessible for non-technical users for the first time and after the launch of AOL/AIM in 1992 we already faced the first global community. The invention of Wikipedia in 2001 and various social networks (MySpace, Linkedin and Facebook) forms a community that is connected to the digital world, globally oriented and willing to use collaboration tools not only for social interaction, but to enhance the efficiency at the workplace.[41]
From local to global - the needs of a global workforce
[edit]Apart from enhancing our efficiency, online collaboration tools face the change that organizations operate globally and the application of flexible working becomes even more important. Collaborative working environments are one of the drivers of the corporate globalization as they offer new business opportunities through innovation and help to and allow to collect knowledge from all over the world. Especially SME’s and large organizations are capable to do business on a global scale by using them. Since 1950 the intensity of collaboration has extremely risen, the flow of information has become faster and the needed skills to carry out work has dramatically increased. Online collaboration tools therefore enable companies to survive in their globally oriented industries.[42]
IBM conducted a study with CIO’s of organizations to find out which trends will most affect business in 2010, coming up with six main points:[43]
- The participatory internet
- Changing workforce demographics
- The rise of software as a service
- The virtualization of data and devices
- Increasing of simplicity of technology’s design and use
All of these points are stressing the importance of collaboration and define certain requirements for the future of online collaboration tools in order to consistently enable a wide business collaboration. Online collaboration tools such as social networking websites and web conferencing are demonstrating how fast the environment is changing – “by 2010, the average salaried worker will actively participate in at least five different ad hoc teams simultaneously”.[44]
When asking participants of “The New Global Study”, a report done by the European Commission in 2009, about the benefits of online collaboration, the following three points were mentioned most:[45]
- Supports coordination within a team (73% of respondents)
- Supports knowledge and learning (69%)
- Allows dispersed team-members to be a better part within the team
See also
[edit]- List of collaborative software
- Collaborative software
- Cloud collaboration
- Document collaboration
- Mass collaboration
- Virtual collaboration
References
[edit]- ^ Lomas, Cyprien; Burke, Michael; Page, Carie L. (2008). Collaboration Tools (PDF). EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
- ^ Nunamaker Jr, Jay F; O Briggs, Robert; Romano Jr, Nicholas C Romano (2014). Collaboration Systems: Concept, value, and Use. New York: Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-0765638458.
- ^ Vannevar, Bush (July 1945). As We May Think. The Atlantic.
- ^ Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (2003). The New Media Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 135. ISBN 0-262-23227-8.
- ^ J.C.R., Licklider; Taylor, Robert W. (April 1968). The Computer as a Communication Device. Science and Technology. p. 29.
- ^ Ellis, Clarence; Gibbs, Simon J.; Rein, Gail (January 1991). Groupware: some issues and experiences. p. 10.
- ^ Wilson, Paul (1991). Computer Supported Cooperative Work: An Introduction. Kluwer Academic Pub. p. 6.
- ^ Shirky, Clay (April 2003). "Keynote on Social Software at the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference". Clay Shirky's Writings About the Internet. Archived from the original on 2019-11-22.
- ^ Thalheim, Bernhard. 3C = C3^3 = Communication + Coordination + Coordination The Kiel Approach to Collaborative Systems (PDF). Kiel: Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Department of Computer Science. p. 7.
- ^ Deal, Ashley (2009). Collaboration Tools - A Teaching with Technology White Paper (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University. p. 3.
- ^ Derks, Daantje; Bakker, Arnold B. (2010). "The Impact of E-mail Communication on Organizational Life". Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. Erasmus University Rotterdam.
- ^ Anderson, Ryan (September 2012). "Collaboration Best Practices – 3 Reasons Why Email Hurts Your Productivity". Atlassian Blog. Atlassian Ltd.
- ^ Aronson, Doron (September 2009). "The Future of Email". Cisco Blog. Cisco Systems Inc.
- ^ Prampolini, Franco (2010). Telco 2015- five telling years, four future scenarios (PDF). IBM. p. 35.
- ^ 7 things you should know about Instant Messaging (PDF). Educause Learning Initiative. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
- ^ Dyson, David (2015). SIP, Hosted VoIP, and the Future of Voice Communications (PDF). Eclipse Telecom. pp. 2–3.
- ^ Gulati, Ranjay; Wohlgezogen, Franz; Zhelyazkov, Pavel (2012). TheTwoFacetsofCollaboration: Cooperation and Coordination in Strategic Alliances (PDF). Harvard Business School. p. 12.
- ^ Lovett, Tom; O’Neill, Eamonn; Irwin, James; Pollington, David (2010). The Calendar as a Sensor: Analysis and Improvement Using Data Fusion with Social Networks and Location (PDF). Bath: University of Bath. pp. 1–3.
- ^ Giersch, Peter; Zignego, Virginia (2014). Time Tracking to Improve Productivity (PDF). Cathedral Consulting Group. pp. 1–3.
- ^ Shaun, Stoltz (2004). Future of Spreadsheets as Financial Analysis Platforms (PDF). Data C Ltd. pp. 1–5.
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- ^ a b Wahlert, Tina (2012). "Synchronous or Asynchronous Tools". Green Hills AEA. Green Hills Area Education Agency.
- ^ a b Kask, Byron; Wood, Sarah (2014). "The University of British Columbia, ETEC510 Design Wiki". University of British Columbia Design Wiki. University of British Columbia.
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- ^ Tullio, Joe; Mynatt, Elizabeth D. (2007). Use and Implications of a Shared, Forecasting Calendar (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology.
- ^ Swenson, Keith D. The Future of Workflow Technology: Collaborative Planning. Fujitsu Open Systems Solutions Inc.
- ^ Kim, Eugene Eric (2004). A Manifesto for Collaborative Tools (PDF). pp. 1–3.
- ^ Premchaiswadi, Wichian; Tungkasthan, Anucha; Jongsawat, Nipat. Enhancing Learning Systems by using Virtual Interactive Classrooms and Web-based Collaborative Work (PDF). Siam University. p. 3.
- ^ Kandola, Pearn (2009). Successful Video Communication (PDF). Cisco Systems. pp. 6–8.
- ^ Marek J., Druzdzel; Flynn, Roger (2002). Decision Support Systems (PDF). University of Pittsburgh. p. 3.
- ^ "Half Of Business Decisions Fail Because Of Management's Blunders, New Study Finds". researchnews.osu.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
- ^ Viktor Wendel1, Michael Gutjahr2, Stefan Go ̈bel1, and Ralf Steinmetz, Viktor; Gutjahr, Michael; Steinmetz, Ralf; Göbel, Stefan (2012). Designing Collaborative Multiplayer Serious Games for Collaborative Learning. Darmstadt: Technische Universität Darmstadt. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-989-8565-07-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Fichter, Darlene (2005). The Many Forms of E-Collaboration: Blogs, Wikis, Portals, Groupware, Disoussion Boards, and Instant Messaging (PDF). Northern Lights Internet Solutions. pp. 48–50.
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- ^ Chui, Michael; Manyika, James; Bughin, Jacques; Dobbs, Richard; Roxburgh, Hugo; Sands, Geoffrey; Westergren, Magdalena (2012). The social economy: Unlocking value and productivity through social technologies. McKinsey & Company.[failed verification]
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