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Karachay–Balkar
къарачай-малкъар тил
таулу тил
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionKabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, Turkey
EthnicityKarachays, Balkars
Native speakers
310,000 in Russia (2010 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Karachay
  • Balkar
Cyrillic
Latin in diaspora
Official status
Official language in
Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia)
Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia)
Language codes
ISO 639-2krc
ISO 639-3krc
Glottologkara1465
Karachay-Balkar is classified as "vulnerable" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Koran Karachay–Balkar-language version

Karachay–Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar til), or Mountain Turkic[3][4] (Таулу тил, Tawlu til), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay-Baksan-Chegem, which pronounces two phonemes as /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ and Malkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as /ts/ and /z/. The modern Karachay–Balkar written language is based on the Karachay–Baksan–Chegem dialect. The language is closely related to Kumyk.[5]

Writing

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Historically, the Arabic alphabet had been used by first writers until 1924. Handwritten manuscripts of the Balkar poet Kazim Mechiev and other examples of literature have been preserved to this day. First printed books in Karachay–Balkar were published in the beginning of the 20th century. In 1910, the prominent educator and the father of literary Karachay-Balkar, Ismail Akbaev, based in Temir-Khan-Shura (Buynaksk), first standardized the Karachay-Balkar Arabic alphabet and published a book titled "A teaching aid for initial teaching of children to write and read". In 1915, a syndicate of teachers from the religious and secular schools of Karachay commissioned Akbaev to develop a national script. The result of this was a primer published in 1916, titled "Ana tili" (آنا تیلی).[6][7]

After the October Revolution, initially as part of the soviet policy of standardization of school curicculum and public education, the standard Arabic alphabet for Karachay-Balkar was refined once more, in the 2nd edition of "Ana tili" (آنا تیلی) being published by Ismail Akbaev in 1921.[8]

Later, as part of a new state campaign of Latinisation Karachay and Balkar educators developed a new alphabet based on Latin letters, being officially adopted in . 1924.

In the 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization of Soviet languages was started. In 1937–38 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted, which remains the official alphabet for Karachay-Balkar up till today.

Cyrillic Alphabet

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Modern Karachay–Balkar Cyrillic alphabet:

А а
[a] 		Б б
[b] 		В в
[v] 		Г г
[g] 		Гъ гъ
[ʁ] 		Д д
[d] 		Дж дж (1)
[dʒ] 		Е е (2)
[je]/[e]
Ё ё (3)
[ø]/[jo] 		Ж ж (1)
[ʒ] 		З з
[z] 		И и
[i] 		Й й
[j] 		К к
[k] 		Къ къ
[q]/[ɢ] 		Л л
[l]
М м
[m] 		Н н
[n] 		Нг нг (4)
[ŋ] 		О о
[o] 		П п
[p] 		Р р
[r] 		С с
[s] 		Т т
[t]
У у (5)
[u]/[w] 		Ф ф
[f] 		Х х (6)
[x]/[χ]/[h] 		Ц ц
[ts] 		Ч ч
[tʃ] 		Ш ш
[ʃ] 		Щ щ
[ɕː] 		Ъ ъ
[∅]
Ы ы
[ɯ] 		Ь ь
[◌ʲ] 		Э э (2)
[e] 		Ю ю (3)
[y]/[ju] 		Я я (3)
[æ]/[ja]
Notes
  1. In Kabardino-Balkaria, they write ж instead of дж, corresponding to the dialectical variation in the pronounciation.
  2. Word-initially, the letter е would be pronounced as [je], wheras the letter э would be pronounced as e. The letter э isn't used in the middle or end of words, in native Karachay-Balkar words.
  3. The letters ё, ю, and я are pronounced as vowels [ø], [y], and [æ] respectively in native Karachay-Balkar words, but are pronounced as [jo], [ju], and [ja] in Russian loanwords.
  4. Karachay-Cherkessia, they write нъ instead of нг.
  5. In some publications, especially during the Soviet period, the letter у́ or ў is used for the sound IPA: [w].
  6. The letter х can have a variety of pronounciations. In native Karachay-Balkar words, it is pronounced as [χ]. In Russian loanwords, as [x], and in loanwords of Arabic or Persian origin, as either [x] or [h].

In a new project approved in May 1961, the alphabet was modified to reduce the use of digraphs and non-orthodox usage of Russian letters, featuring unique letters Ғ ғ, Җ җ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ө ө, Ў ў, Ү ү.[9] It was nullified and the normal Cyrillic alphabet was restored in 1964.[10]

Latin Alphabet

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Karachay–Balkar Latin alphabet:

A a
[a] 		B в
[b] 		C c
[dʒ] 		Ç ç
[tʃ] 		D d
[d] 		E e
[e] 		F f
[f] 		G g
[g]
Ƣ ƣ
[ʁ] 		H h (1)
[h] 		I i
[i] 		J j
[j] 		K k
[k] 		Q q
[q]/[ɢ] 		L l
[l] 		M m
[m]
N n
[n] 		Ꞑ ꞑ
[ŋ] 		O o
[o] 		Ө ө (2)
[ø] 		P p
[p] 		R r
[r] 		S s
[s] 		Ş ş (3)
[ʃ]
Ꞩ ꞩ (4)
[ts] 		T t
[t] 		Ь ь
[ɯ] 		U u
[u] 		V v
[v] 		W w (4)
[w] 		Y y
[y] 		X x (1)
[x]/[χ]/[h]
Xh xh (1)
[χ] 		Z z
[z] 		Ƶ ƶ
[ʒ]
Notes
  1. The letter h was included at first to represent loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin containing the letters 'ھ and ح, having the sound [h]. The letter x initially represented the sound [x], either Arabic and Persian loanwords containing the letter خ or Russian loanwords containing the letter х. The digraph xh was included to represent native Karachay-Balkar sound [χ], which was occasionally written in Karachay Arabic alphabet as حۤ. These letters were merged into the single letter x in 1924. The letter h was added again in 1924, but removed again in 1934.
  2. The letter ө was initially proposed to be œ.
  3. The sound [ʃ] was initially to be written as sh.
  4. The letters ꞩ and w were added in 1934.

In the 1990s, with the fall of the Soviet Union, efforts were made to revert Karachay-Balkar to the Latin alphabet. Specifically, a newspaper named "Üyge igikik" was published during the 1990s.[11] The alphabet of the publication was very similar to modern Turkish and it contained the following letters:

  • A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, İ i, I ı, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Arabic Alphabet

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Comparison chart

[edit]
Arabic
(1920–1924) 		Latin
(1924–1938) 		Cyrillic
(1961–1964) 		Cyrillic
(1937–1961), (1964–present)
ا A a А а А а
ب B в Б б Б б
و V v В в В в
گ G g Г г Г г
غ Ƣ ƣ Ғ ғ Гъ гъ
د D d Д д Д д
ە E e Е е Е е
ۆ Ө ө Ө ө, Ё ё Ё ё
ژ Ƶ ƶ Ж ж Ж ж
ج Ç ç Җ җ Дж дж (Ж ж)
ز Z z З з З з
ي I i И и И и
ي J j Й й Й й
ك, ک K k К к К к
ق Q q Қ қ Къ къ
ل L l Л л Л л
م M m М м М м
ن N n Н н Н н
ڭ, ݣ Ꞑ ꞑ Ң ң Нг нг (Нъ нъ)
وٓ O o О о О о
پ P p П п П п
ر R r Р р Р р
س S s С с С с
ت T t Т т Т т
و U u У у У у
و W w Ў ў У у (Ў ў, У́ у́)
ف F f Ф ф Ф ф
خ X x Х х Х х
ح H h Һ һ -
— S̷ s̷ Ц ц Ц ц
چ C c Ч ч Ч ч
ش Ş ş Ш ш Ш ш
— — Щ щ Щ щ
— — ъ ъ
ىٕ Ы ы Ы ы
— — ь ь
ئە, اە E e Э э Э э
ۉ Y y Ү ү, Ю ю Ю ю
- - Я я Я я

Phonology

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Vowels[12]
Front Back
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open ɑ
Consonants[12]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive p b t d k ɡ (q) (ɢ)
Fricative [f] s z ʃ x (ɣ) h
Affricate [ts] tʃ dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Liquid l r
Approximant w j

Parentheses indicate allophones, brackets indicate phonemes from loanwords.

Grammar

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Nominals

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Cases

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Case Suffix
Nominative -ø
Accusative -НИ
Genitive -НИ
Dative -ГА
Locative -ДА
Ablative -дан

Possessive suffixes

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Singular Plural
1st person -им -ибиз
2nd person -инг -игиз
3rd person -(s)I(n) -(s)I(n)

Language example

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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Karachay–Balkar:

In Cyrillic Transliteration Translation
Бютеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хакълары тенг болуб тууадыла. Алагъа акъыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине къарнашлыкъ халда къараргъа керекдиле. Bütew adamla erkin bolub emda sıyları bla haqları teñ bolub tuwadıla. Alağa aqıl bla namıs berilgendi emda bir-birlerine qarnaşlıq halda qararğa kerekdile. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
In Cyrillic (1961-1964) Yañalif Arabic Alphabet (Before 1926)
Бүтеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хақлары тең болуб туўадыла. Алаға ақыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине қарнашлық халда қарарға керекдиле. Byteu adamla erkin ʙoluʙ emda sьjlarь ʙla xalqlarь teꞑ ʙoluʙ tuuadьla. Alaƣa aqьl ʙla namьs ʙerilgendi emda ʙir-ʙirlerine qarnaşlьq xalda qararƣa kerekdile. بۉتەو اداملا‌ ئەركین بوۤلوب ئەمدا سىٕیلارىٕ بلا حاقلارىٕ تەڭ بوۤلوب تووادىٕلا. الاغا عاقىٕل بلا نامىٕس بەریلگەندی ئەمدا بیر-بیرلەرینە قارناشلىٕق حالدا قارارغا كەرەكدیلە.‎

Numerals

[edit]
Numeral Karachay–Balkar Kumyk Nogay
0 ноль ноль ноль
1 бир бир бир
2 эки эки эки
3 юч уьч уьш
4 тёрт дёрт доьрт
5 беш беш бес
6 алты алты алты
7 джети етти йети
8 сегиз сегиз сегиз
9 тогъуз тогъуз тогыз
10 он он он
100 бир джюз бир юз бир юз

Loanwords

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Loanwords from Russian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Arabic, and Persian are fairly numerous.[5]

[edit]

Russian filmmaker Andrei Proshkin used Karachay–Balkar for The Horde, believing that it might be the closest language to the original Kipchak language which was spoken during the Golden Horde.[13]

Bibliography

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  • Chodiyor Doniyorov and Saodat Doniyorova. Parlons Karatchay-Balkar. Paris: Harmattan, 2005. ISBN 2-7475-9577-3.
  • Steve Seegmiller (1996) Karachay (LINCOM)

References

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  1. ^ Row 102 in Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками [Appendix 6: Population of the Russian Federation by languages used] (XLS) (in Russian). Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service).
  2. ^ "Karachay-Balkar in Russian Federation". UNESCO WAL. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  3. ^ Rudolf Loewenthal (2011). The Turkic Languages and Literatures of Central Asia: A Bibliography. p. 83.
  4. ^ Языки мира: Тюркские языки (in Russian). Vol. 2. Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. p. 526.
  5. ^ a b Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2013). Compendium of the World Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1362-5846-6. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  6. ^ A. D. Koychuev (2012). "Исмаил Акбаев - просветитель, создатель первой письменности Карачая и Балкарии, автор и переводчик первых учебников" [Ismail Akbaev - educator, creator of the first written language of Karachay and Balkaria, author and translator of the first textbooks]: 50–57. Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. {{cite journal}}: |chapter= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ آنا تيلى [Ana tili] (PDF). Tblisi. 1916. p. 80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-26. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ I. E. Akbaev (1924). Ана-тили [انا تيلى]. Cherkessk (Batalpashinsk). p. 80. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Unknown parameter |archive-rl= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Қарачай-малқар тилни орфографиясы (PDF). Nalchik. 1961. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Къарачай-малкъар тилни орфографиясы (PDF). Stavropol: Ставрополь китаб издательство. 1964. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016.
  11. ^ "Архив газеты «Юйге игилик» («Мир дому твоему»)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b Seegmiller, Steve. Phonological and Orthographical Information in Dictionaries: The Case of Pröhle's Karachay Glossary and its Successors.
  13. ^ "Максим Суханов стал митрополитом" (in Russian). 14 September 2010.
[edit]
Karachay-Balkar edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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