Independent Local Radio
Independent Local Radio is the collective name given to commercial radio stations in the United Kingdom.
As a result of the buyouts and mergers permitted by the Broadcasting Act 1990, and deregulation resulting from the Communications Act 2003, most commercial stations are now neither independent (although they remain independent from the BBC) nor local with all of the frequencies now used by Bauer or Global, and almost all of them are now relays of one of either company's national brands, with all remaining locality reduced to a weekday regional programme and localised news, weather and peak-time travel information.
The same name is used for Independent Local Radio in Ireland.
History
[edit]Development of ILR
[edit]Until the early 1970s, the BBC had a legal monopoly on radio broadcasting in the UK. Despite competition from the commercial Radio Luxembourg and, for a period in the mid-1960s, the off-shore "pirate" broadcasters, it had remained the policy of both major political parties that radio was to remain under the BBC.
Upon the election of Edward Heath's government in 1970, this policy changed. It is possible that Heath's victory was partly due to younger voters upset by the UK government closing down the popular pirate radio stations.[1][2]
The new Minister of Post and Telecommunications and former ITN newscaster, Christopher Chataway, announced a bill to allow for the introduction of commercial radio in the United Kingdom. This service would be planned and regulated in a similar manner to the existing ITV service and would compete with the recently developed BBC Local Radio services (rather than the four national BBC services).
The Sound Broadcasting Act[3] received royal assent on 12 July 1972 and the Independent Television Authority (ITA) accordingly changed its name to the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) that same day.[4]
The IBA immediately began to plan the new service, placing advertisements encouraging interested groups to apply for medium-term contracts to provide programmes in given areas. The first major areas to be advertised were London and Glasgow, with two contracts available in London, one for "news and information", one for "general and entertainment".[5]
The London news contract was awarded to London Broadcasting Company (LBC) and they began broadcasting on 8 October 1973. The London general contract went to Capital Radio, who began broadcasting on 16 October 1973. In total, 19 contracts were awarded between 1973 and 1976. Due to government limits on capital expenditure and turbulence in the broadcasting field (mainly due to the Annan Report), no further contracts were awarded until 1980, when a second tranche of contracts were awarded. All stations were awarded an AM and an FM frequency, on which they broadcast the same service.
Original contracts
[edit]First tranche
[edit]Second tranche
[edit]| Airdate[6] | City | Station name | Current Station name |
Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 April 1980 | Cardiff | Cardiff Broadcasting Company | Capital South Wales | Global |
| 23 May 1980 | Coventry | Mercia Sound | Hits Radio Coventry & Warwickshire | Bauer |
| 10 July 1980 | Peterborough | Hereward Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 15 September 1980 | Bournemouth | 2CR (Two Counties Radio) | Defunct, now a relay of Heart South | Global |
| 17 October 1980 | Dundee | Radio Tay | Tay FM | Bauer |
| 23 October 1980 | Gloucester | Severn Sound | Defunct, now a relay of Heart West | Global |
| 7 November 1980 | Exeter | DevonAir Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart West | Global |
| 14 November 1980 | Perth | Radio Tay | Tay FM | Bauer |
| 12 December 1980 | Torbay | DevonAir Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart West | Global |
| 27 July 1981 | Aberdeen | Northsound Radio | Northsound 1 | Bauer |
| 1 September 1981 | Leeds | Radio Aire | Greatest Hits Radio West Yorkshire | Bauer |
| 7 September 1981 | Leicester | Centre Radio | Defunct | |
| 12 September 1981 | Southend-on-Sea | Essex Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 15 October 1981 | Luton | Chiltern Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 27 October 1981 | Bristol | Radio West | Defunct, now a relay of Heart West | Global |
| 4 December 1981 | Ayr and Girvan | West Sound Radio | Greatest Hits Radio Ayrshire | Bauer |
| 10 December 1981 | Chelmsford | Essex Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 23 February 1982 | Inverness | Moray Firth Radio | MFR | Bauer |
| 1 March 1982 | Bedford | Chiltern Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 4 October 1982 | Worcester | Radio Wyvern | Hits Radio Herefordshire & Worcestershire | Bauer |
| 5 October 1982 | Preston | Red Rose Radio | Hits Radio Lancashire | Bauer |
| 12 October 1982 | Swindon | Wiltshire Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart West | Global |
| 6 November 1982 | Bury St Edmunds | Saxon Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 4 April 1983 | Guildford | County Sound | Defunct, now a relay of Greatest Hits Radio South | Bauer |
| 13 June 1983 | Newport | Gwent Broadcasting | Defunct, now a relay of Capital South Wales | Global |
| 29 August 1983 | Brighton | Southern Sound Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart South | Global |
| 5 September 1983 | Stoke-on-Trent | Signal Radio | Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire | Bauer |
| 5 September 1983 | Wrexham | Marcher Sound | Defunct, now a relay of Capital North West & Wales | Global |
| 17 April 1984 | Kingston-upon-Hull | Viking Radio | Hits Radio East Yorkshire & North Lincolnshire | Bauer |
| 5 September 1984 | Leicester | Leicester Sound[a] | Defunct, now a relay of Capital Midlands | Global |
| 1 October 1984 | Norwich | Radio Broadland | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 1 October 1984 | Northampton | Hereward Radio | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 1 October 1984 | East Kent | Invicta Sound | Defunct, now a relay of Heart South | Global |
| 20 October 1984 | Crawley | Radio Mercury | Defunct, now a relay of Heart South | Global |
| 12 October 1986 | Southampton and Portsmouth | Ocean Sound | Defunct, now a relay of Heart South | Global |
| 30 November 1986 | Northampton and Northamptonshire | Northants 96 | Defunct, now a relay of Heart East | Global |
| 3 March 1987 | Derby | Radio Trent | Defunct, now a relay of Capital Midlands | Global |
| 22 May 1987 | Bath | GWR Radio Bath | Defunct, now a relay of Heart West | Global |
- ^ Launched after failed Centre Radio went into receivership.
In July 1981, the Home Secretary approved proposals for the creation of Independent Local Radio services in 25 more areas.[7] However some of these areas were not licensed during the IBA's time as the regulator and did not receive a commercial station until after its successor, The Radio Authority, came into being in 1991.
Extension of ILR
[edit]In the late 1980s, the expansion of ILR continued at a similar rate. Under the Broadcasting Acts, the IBA had a duty to ensure that any area it licensed for radio could support a station with the available advertising revenue. Therefore, many areas were not included in the IBA's ILR plans as it was felt that they were not viable.[8] This did not prevent Radio West in Bristol getting into financial trouble and having to merge with Wiltshire Radio on 1 October 1985;[9] nor did it prevent Centre Radio going into receivership on 6 October 1983.[10]
Split services
[edit]In 1986 the Home Office sanctioned in principle the idea that different services could be broadcast on each station's FM and AM frequency and six experiments of split programming on Independent Local Radio of up to ten hours a week took place, although the first experimental part-time split service had taken place two years earlier when Radio Forth created Festival City Radio for the duration of the Edinburgh Festival.[11] The first station to permanently split their frequencies was Guildford's County Sound[12] who rebranded the FM output as Premier Radio and turned the AM output into a new golden oldies station, County Sound Gold in 1988.
By 1988, the government had decided that the practice of splitting was beneficial and a quick way to increase choice for listeners. The IBA then began encouraging ILR stations to split their services and most soon complied. The usual format was to have a "gold" (oldies) service on AM and pop music on FM, although Radio City tried "City Talk" on AM before abandoning the format. By the start of the 1990s, most stations had done 'the splits' with the final stations ending waveband simulcasting by the mid-1990s.
Incremental Radio
[edit]Incremental Radio was a new type of radio licence given out by the IBA between 1989 and 1990. These were additional radio services introduced into areas already served by an Independent Local Radio station and each had to offer output not already available on ILR, such as specialist music, programmes for a specific section of the community or for smaller areas than ILR stations cover. 22 stations went on air, most of which were eventually acquired by the large radio groups and absorbed into their networks. As of 2024 only a few remain independently owned and operated. The regulatory model these stations were under was a precursor to commercial radio stations licensed by the incoming Radio Authority.
The Broadcasting Act 1990
[edit]The Broadcasting Act 1990 provided for the abolition of the IBA and its replacement by the Independent Television Commission. The IBA continued to regulate radio under the new name of the Radio Authority, but with a different remit.
As a "light-touch" regulator (although heavier than the ITC), the Radio Authority was to issue licences to the highest bidder and promote the development of commercial radio choice.[13]
INR, RSLs, SALLIES and IRR
[edit]This led to the awarding of three national contracts, known as Independent National Radio to Classic FM, Virgin 1215 (later Virgin Radio and then rebranded Absolute Radio) and Talk Radio (later Talksport).
The Radio Authority also began to license Restricted Service Licence (RSL) stations – low-power temporary radio stations for special events, operating for up to 28 days a year – and to reduce the criteria for a "viable service area" with the introduction of Small Scale Local Licences (SALLIES) for villages, special interest groups and small communities.[14]
By this time the medium wave band had become unpopular with radio groups and the majority of new stations were awarded an FM licence only, even when an AM licence was jointly available.
In 1994 the Radio Authority introduced regional stations (Independent Regional Radio, again usually grouped under the banner "ILR" by most commentators) and began to license the commercial Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) multiplexes in October 1998.[13]
The Radio Authority was replaced by the Office of Communications (Ofcom) in 2004, which also replaced the ITC, the Broadcasting Standards Commission, the Radio Communications Agency and the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel). Ofcom has stated that they plan to continue the development of Independent Local Radio, with an emphasis on digital broadcasting, and to "ensure the character" of local stations, following the mergers and loss of local identities that followed the 1990 Act.[13]
ILR stations
[edit]In 2005, there were 217 licensed analogue ILR and IRR services in England; 16 in Wales; 34 in Scotland; eight in Northern Ireland; and two in the Channel Islands. These are licences rather than franchises. Some licences are grouped nationally, regionally or by format to provide one service; other licences cover two or more services.[13]
There were three national analogue services. There was one national DAB multiplex (Digital One) and 47 regional DAB multiplexes, owned by 10 and operated by nine companies (each multiplex carrying multiple services).[15]
Manx Radio
[edit]The first licensed commercial radio station in the United Kingdom is often stated to be Manx Radio, which launched in June 1964.[16] However, since the Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom, Manx Radio is not considered to be an ILR station and launched with a Post Office licence.[citation needed] Manx Radio is funded by a mixture of commercial advertising and a yearly £860,000 Manx Government subvention.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Defiance, Defeat and Retribution Radio Caroline Web Site. Retrieved 28 July 2007
- ^ The day we woke up to pop music on Radio 1 Daily Telegraph Retrieved 2007-09-30
- ^ BFI researchers' guide - legislation. Retrieved 4 January 2006
- ^ Henry, Brian, ed. (1986). British Television Advertising - The First Thirty Years. London: Century Benham. p. 145.
- ^ Croston, Eric (Ed.) Television and Radio 1985 - Guide to Independent Broadcasting Independent Broadcasting Authority, London 1984.
- ^ a b Graham, Russ J. "Original ILR Airdates". Radiomusications from Transdiffusion. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
- ^ "Extension of Independent Local Radio". transdiffusion.org. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
- ^ Croston, Eric (Ed.) Television and Radio 1981 - Focus on Independent Broadcasting Independent Broadcasting Authority, London 1980.
- ^ Rogers, Andrew RW + WR = GWR Radiomusications from Transdiffusion, retrieved 4 January 2006
- ^ Parry, Simon Off Centre Radiomusications from Transdiffusion, retrieved 4 January 2006
- ^ Murray, John. "End of radio era as transmitter that created Radio Forth legends Jay Crawford and Steve Hamilton is turned off". FiFe Today. National World Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ County Sound Radio MDS975, retrieved 8 August 2007
- ^ a b c d Ward, Inna (Ed.) Whitaker's Almanack 2006 A & C Black, London 2005; pp621–631
- ^ Woodyear, Clive (Ed.) Radio Listener's Guide 2003, The Clive Woodyear Publishing 2002
- ^ Ofcom radio licensing webpages. Retrieved 4 January 2006
- ^ Manx Radio website, retrieved 4 January 2006
