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Slava (tradition)

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Slava
Слава
Slava prepared for the veneration of Saints
Observed bySerbian Orthodox Christians
SignificanceVeneration of the family's patron saint
ObservancesChurch services, family and other social gatherings
Slava
Slava prepared for the veneration of John the Baptist
CountrySerbia
DomainsRitual, Celebration, Religious practice
Reference01010
RegionEurope and North America
Inscription history
Inscription2014 (9th session)
ListIntangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
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Slava (Serbian: Слава, lit. 'Celebration', pronounced [ˈslâʋa]) is a family's annual ceremony and veneration of their patron saint. The ceremony is found mainly among Orthodox Serbs.

Although its origin is unknown, this old tradition is an important ethnic marker of Serbian identity. It is a tribute to the family's first ancestor, through the male lineage, who was baptized into Christianity, with its presiding saint. The family celebrates the Slava annually on the saint's day. In 2014, it was inscribed on UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Serbia.

Slavski kolač, also known simply as kolač, is a ritual bread often prepared during the celebration of the Slava.

History

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Origin theses

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Saint Sava (1174–1236)

Serbian historians consider that records of Slava amongst Serbs can be traced back at least to 1018.[1] However, the true origin of the Slava is unknown. According to one hypothesis, the Slava has its origins in Greek and Roman hero cult. Proponents of the Greek hypothesis point to etymology in that the Serbian word for wheat, koljivo, an indispensable item of the Slava, is derived from the Greek term for gain of wheat, koliva. Proponents of the Roman hypothesis point to the fact that Slava customs mimic Roman forms of celebration including bread breaking and toasting.[2] Another hypothesis states that the Slava has its origin in Medieval Serbia, connected to Saint Sava, the first Archbishop of the Serbs. There are indications that the institution of the Slava in the Serbian Orthodox Church dates from Saint Sava, that "in his understanding and tactful approach to Serbian folk religion", he "seems to have found a compromise formula satisfactory to both his people's pagan tradition and the requirements of theology".[3] The slava is a reinterpretation of a Serbian pagan rite:[4] the ancestor-protector became a Christian saint,[5] frequently St. Nicholas,[4] with the pagan rite being reduced of many religious elements and frequent ceremonies and becoming a social event with the annual meeting of the family and friends.[5][6]

In the scientific literature exists a discussion about the historical and ethnological origin of the Slava, which has not been completed. According to some Serbian researchers, "the thesis of how Slava is Serbian ethnic identification marker is simply delusion of the romantic and patriotic citizenry".[7]

Modern

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The increased effective geographic mobility brought about by the post World War II urbanization of a previously highly agrarian society, combined with the suppression of Serbian Orthodox traditions under the Communist rule, has made some aspects of the custom more relaxed. In particular, in the second half of the 20th century it became common to see traditional patriarchal families separated by great distances, so by necessity Slava came to occasionally be celebrated at more than one place by members of the same family.

While the Slava kept something of a grassroots underground popularity during the Communist period, the post-Communist revival of Serbian Orthodox traditions has brought it a resurgence. It is recognized as a distinctly (if not quite exclusively) Serbian custom, and today it is quite common for nonobservant Christians or even atheists to celebrate it in one form or another, as a hereditary family holiday and a mark of ethnocultural identification.

The custom is also helpful in genealogical studies as an indicator in kinship relations between families, such as tracing one's family to a specific region. It "becomes a simultaneous signifier of national and spiritual kinship and a core expression of the Serbian cosmology, whereby the dialectics of temporal, physical, and spiritual continuity converge into validated perceptions of cultural and social reality—re-enacted on a recurrent (annual) basis.[8]

In November 2014 it was inscribed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Serbia.[9][10]

Practicing groups

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The tradition is an important ethnic marker of Serbian identity.[11] The slogan: Где је слава, ту је Србин (Gde je slava, tu je Srbin, lit. 'Where there is a Slava, there is a Serb') was raised as a Serbian national identifier by Miloš Milojević after his travel to Kosovo and Metohija in 1871–1877.[11] Serbs usually regard the Slava as their most significant and most solemn feast day.[12] The tradition is also very well preserved among the Serb diaspora.[13]

Besides present day Serbia, Slava is commonly celebrated amongst ethnic Serbs living in neighbouring Croatia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Despite the tradition being inherently tied to Serbian Orthodox Christianity it is also practiced to a lesser extent amongst some Catholic and Muslim ethnicities in the region, occasionally among Croats,[14][15][16] as well as Catholics from the Bay of Kotor, and Gorani living in present-day southern Kosovo.[citation needed] Furthermore, similar tradition can be found in Western Bulgaria and North Macedonia and also among some Vlachs and Aromanians.[11]

Customs and feast

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Breaking the kolač, illustration by V. Titelbah, 1877.

The Slava is a family's annual ceremony and veneration of their patron saint.[17] It is a tribute to the family's first ancestor who was baptized into Christianity, with its presiding saint.[2] The family's patron saint is passed down from father to son and only males are allowed to carry out the Slava's rituals.[18] Upon marriage, women typically adopt the patron saint of their spouse although it is not uncommon for them to continue celebrating their native family's saint as well (in which case the secondary one is known as preslava).[2] Close friends and family gather at the home for a ritual feast. Although a religious ceremony for the purpose of saint veneration, the family's intent behind the celebration is for "the good health of the living" as well as for a "general remembrance of the souls of the departed family members".[2] Many Serbian communities (villages, cities, organizations, political parties, institutions, companies, professions) also celebrate their patron saint. For example, the city of Belgrade celebrates the Ascension of Jesus Christ as its patronal feast.[19]

A Slava celebration incorporates aspects of pagan traditions with minimal clerical involvement.[8] The ritual foods that are prepared for the feast are the slavski kolač (or simply kolač), a ritual bread, and koljivo (or žito), a dish of minced boiled wheat, sweetened and sometimes mixed with chopped walnuts.[2][20] A beeswax candle stamped with an image of the saint is also a staple at the celebration.[20]

Prior to the slava, a priest surrounded by family members blesses the house. This is done in front of the saint's icon and the lit candle whereby the priest recites a prayer. Every room in the house is then sprinkled with holy water along with the members of the family who are each named and wished good health.[2]

The top of the kolač is adorned with the Christian cross, the peace dove, and other symbols. The kolač symbolizes the body of Jesus, and the wine with which the kolač is eaten represents his blood.[21] The parish priest, either at the home or at the church, consecrates the kolač with wine; afterwards the man of the household cuts it into quarters and turns it cut-side up. It is further cut into pieces by other family members and oldest or most important guests, a total of three times.[22] In other traditions the bread is "broken" together by the guests after being ritually turned.[2][20] The koljivo is a symbol of the Resurrection of Christ (cf. "if the grain does not die..." in the Gospel) and partaken in memory of the dead (deceased family members).[2] The cutting into the bread three times is a symbolism of the Holy Trinity.[8]

The rest of the feast consists of a meal, the contents of which depends on whether or not the celebration falls in a period of fasting. During a fast (post), the meal would not contain any meat but seafood (pesco-vegan).[20] Outside of a fasting period, these restrictions would not apply and the Slava is considered mrsna. Thus, colloquially, slavas can be referred to as posna or mrsna.[2] Appropriately-made sweets are consumed, as well. Alcohol is served to adults.[20]

The most common feast days are St. Nicholas (Nikoljdan, 19 December), St. George (Đurđevdan, 6 May), St. John the Baptist (Jovanjdan, 20 January), St. Demetrius (Mitrovdan, 8 November), St. Michael (Aranđelovdan, 21 November) and St. Sava (Savindan, 27 January). Dates given are according to the Gregorian calendar. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar.

See also

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Annotations

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  • Krsna slava (Крсна слава, "christened Slava") and Krsno ime (Крсно име, "christened name")

References

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  1. ^ Nikola F., Paković (2015). "Slava ili krsno ime kod Srba". Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU. LXIII: 128.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Montgomery, David W. (2018). Everyday Life in the Balkans. Indiana University Press. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-0-25303-820-3.
  3. ^ Serb World. Vol. 3–4. Neven Publishing Corporation. 1982. p. 5.
  4. ^ a b A. P. Vlasto (1970). The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. CUP Archive. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-0-521-07459-9.
  5. ^ a b The folk arts of Yugoslavia: papers presented at a symposium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 1977. Duquesne University Tamburitzans Institute of Folk Arts. 1976. p. 41.
  6. ^ Folk Culture: Folk culture & the great tradition. Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies. 1983. p. 113.
  7. ^ Petko Hristov, The Use of Holidays for Propaganda Purposes: The “Serbian” Slava and/or the “Bulgarian” Săbor Petko Hristov, Ethnologia Balkanica, LIT Verlag, 2002, Issue No: 06, p 79: And here we completely agree to the conclusion of Milenko Filipović that the thesis regarding the slava, služba or the krastno ime were a purely Serbian feature, was “…a delusion of the romantic and patriotic citizenry and those from among those circles that were writers”, a delusion, of which …je samo srpstvo imalo više štete, nego koristi” [“The Serbian people have had more losses than benefits/advantages”]. (Filipović M., 1985; 152). Although here and there in scholarly publications, and particularly in popular books, even in the formal publications of the Serbian Eastern Orthodox Church, some of these romantic delusions about the slava as a Serbian ethnic identification marker are repeated, the serious scholars giving interpretation to the slava M.Filipović, V.Čajkanović, P.Vlahović, N.Pantelić, S.Zečević, D.Bandić, point out mostly the agrarian and integrative functions of the set of rites and rituals, united under the name of slava, and its tie-up with the cult for the forefathers.
  8. ^ a b c Mylonas, Christos (2003). Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals: The Quest for an Eternal Identity. Central European University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-9-63924-161-9.
  9. ^ "Permanent Delegation of Serbia to UNESCO - Paris". www.unesco-paris.mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  10. ^ "Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.
  11. ^ a b c Petko Hristov, The Use of Holidays for Propaganda Purposes: The "Serbian" Slava and/or the "Bulgarian" Săbor in Ethnologia Balkanica. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 69–80. GGKEY:ES2RY3RRUDS.
  12. ^ Celia Jaes Falicov (1991). Family Transitions: Continuity and Change Over the Life Cycle. New York City: Guilford Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-89862-484-7.
  13. ^ Michael B. Petrovich; Joel Halpern (1980). "Serbs". In Stephan Thernstrom; Ann Orlov; Oscar Handlin (eds.). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 925. ISBN 978-0-674-37512-3.
  14. ^ Mišur, Ivo (2018). "Variability of Krsna Slava in Catholic Croats in the Neretva Valley". Ethnologica Dalmatica. 25.
  15. ^ "krsna slava". Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian). Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  16. ^ Mišur, Ivo (2022). "The Bans Of Krsna Slava Among Catholics In Herzegovina (Summary)". Ethnologica Dalmatica. 29.
  17. ^ McDonald, Gordon C. (1973). "Area Handbook for Yugoslavia". Pamphlet. U.S. Government Printing Office: 208. ISSN 0892-8541.
  18. ^ Kaser, Karl (2012). Household and Family in the Balkans: Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-64350-406-7.
  19. ^ "The Ascension of Jesus - the Patron Saint-day of the City of Belgrade and Ascension Church". spc.rs. Serbian Orthodox Church. 14 June 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d e Gercevic, Srdjan (28 November 2016). "Slava: Hygge, Serbian-Style". Balkan Insight.
  21. ^ "Slavski kolač". Stil Magazin. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017.
  22. ^ "La Slava, celebration of the feast of the patron saint of the family". ich.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slava.
Look up slava in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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