Alfred Kastler
Alfred Kastler | |
|---|---|
 Alfred Kastler in 1966 | |
| Born | 3 May 1902 |
| Died | 7 January 1984 (aged 81) |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | École Normale Supérieure, University of Paris[1] |
| Known for | Optical pumping Nuclear acoustic resonance |
| Awards | Holweck Prize (1954) CNRS Gold medal (1964) Nobel Prize for Physics (1966) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Doctoral advisor | Pierre Daure |
| Doctoral students | Claude Cohen Tannoudji |
Alfred Kastler (French: [kastlɛʁ]; 3 May 1902 – 7 January 1984) was a French physicist, and Nobel Prize laureate.[2] He is known for the development of optical pumping.
Biography
[edit]Kastler was born in Guebwiller (Alsace, German Empire) and later attended the Lycée Bartholdi in Colmar, Alsace, and École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1921. After his studies, in 1926 he began teaching physics at the Lycée of Mulhouse, and then taught at the University of Bordeaux, where he was a university professor until 1941. Georges Bruhat asked him to come back to the École Normale Supérieure, where he finally obtained a chair in 1952.
Collaborating with Jean Brossel, he researched quantum mechanics, the interaction between light and atoms, and spectroscopy. Kastler, working on combination of optical resonance and magnetic resonance, developed the technique of "optical pumping". Those works led to the completion of the theory of lasers and masers.
In 1962, he received the first C.E.K Mees Medal from the Optical Society of America, and he was elected an Honorary member of the Society. The following year, he was elected a Fellow.
He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966 "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms".
He was president of the board of the Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée and served as the first chairman of the non-governmental organization (NGO) Action Against Hunger.
Kastler also wrote poetry (in German). In 1971 he published Europe, ma patrie: Deutsche Lieder eines französischen Europäers (i.e. Europe, my fatherland: German songs of a French European).
In 1976, Kastler was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[3]
In 1978 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[4]
In 1979, Kastler was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal.[5]
Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel
[edit]
Professor Kastler spent most of his research career at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris where he started after the war with his student, Jean Brossel a small research group on spectroscopy.
Over the forty years that followed, this group has trained many of young physicists and had a significant impact on the development of the science of atomic physics in France. The Laboratoire de Spectroscopie hertzienne has then been renamed Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel in 1994 and has got a part of its laboratory in Université Pierre et Marie Curie mainly at the École Normale Supérieure.
Global policy
[edit]He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.[6][7] As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[8]
Death
[edit]Professor Kastler died on 7 January 1984, in Bandol, France.[9]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ At the time, the ENS was part of the University of Paris according to the decree of 10 November 1903.
- ^ Happer, William (May 1984). "Obituary: Alfred Kastler". Physics Today. 37 (5): 101–102. Bibcode:1984PhT....37e.101H. doi:10.1063/1.2916219.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
- ^ "A.H.F. Kastler (1902 - 1984)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- ^ Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.
- ^ "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
- ^ "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
- ^ "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Sullivan, Walter (8 January 1984). "Dr. Alfred Kastler, 81, Nobel Prize-Winner, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
References
[edit]- Nobelstiftelsen (1972). Nobel Lectures, Physics 1963–1970. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. ISBN 0-444-40993-9.
- Kastler A (October 1967). "Optical Methods for Studying Hertzian Resonances". Science. 158 (3798): 214–221. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..214K. doi:10.1126/science.158.3798.214. PMID 17839496.
- Kastler A (July 1950). "Applications of polarimetry to infra-red and micro-wave spectroscopy". Nature. 166 (4211): 113. Bibcode:1950Natur.166..113K. doi:10.1038/166113a0. PMID 15439165. S2CID 4192600.
External links
[edit]- Alfred Kastler on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1966 Optical Methods for Studying Hertzian Resonances
- Alfred Kastler biography at Timeline of Nobel Winners
- Alfred Kastler at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- 1902 births
- 1984 deaths
- People from Guebwiller
- French people of German descent
- École Normale Supérieure alumni
- Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
- French physicists
- German-language poets
- Nobel laureates in Physics
- French Nobel laureates
- Spectroscopists
- 20th-century poets
- Members of the French Academy of Sciences
- Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
- Members of the American Philosophical Society
- Presidents of the Société Française de Physique
- World Constitutional Convention call signatories
- University of Paris alumni