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Racibórz

Coordinates: 50°5′N 18°14′E / 50.083°N 18.233°E / 50.083; 18.233
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For another place, see Racibórz, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.
Racibórz
Former Holy Spirit Church, now a museum, 14th century
Former Holy Spirit Church, now a museum, 14th century
Flag of Racibórz
Flag
Coat of arms of Racibórz
Coat of arms
Racibórz is located in Silesian Voivodeship
Racibórz
Racibórz
Racibórz is located in Poland
Racibórz
Racibórz
Coordinates: 50°5′N 18°14′E / 50.083°N 18.233°E / 50.083; 18.233
Country Poland
Voivodeship Silesian
CountyRacibórz
GminaRacibórz (urban gmina)
First mentioned845 or 1108
City rights1217
Government
 • City MayorJacek Wojciechowicz
Area
 • Total74.96 km2 (28.94 sq mi)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • Total53,632 Decrease[1]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
47-400 to 47-445
Area code+48 32
Car platesSRC
National roads
Voivodeship roads
Websitewww.raciborz.pl

Racibórz (pronounced [raˈt͡ɕibuʂ] ⓘ, German: Ratibor, Czech: Ratiboř, Silesian: Racibōrz) is a city in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Racibórz County.

With Opole, Racibórz is one of the historic capitals of Upper Silesia, being the residence of the Dukes of Racibórz from 1172 to 1521.

Geography

[edit]

The city is situated in the southwest of the voivodeship on the upper Oder river, near the border with the Polish Opole Voivodeship and the Czech Republic. The Racibórz Basin (Kotlina Raciborska) forms the southeastern extension of the Silesian Lowlands, surrounded by the Opawskie Mountains in the west (part of the Eastern Sudetes), the Silesian Upland in the north, and the Moravian Gate in the south. The town centre is located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) southwest of Katowice and about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southeast of the regional capital Wrocław.

As of 2019, the city has a population of approximately 55,000 inhabitants. From 1975 to 1998, it belonged to Katowice Voivodeship.

History

[edit]

Until the end of the 5th century AD, the lands of the later Racibórz settlement were inhabited by East Germanic Silinger tribes. The town is one of the oldest in Upper Silesia, the site of a hill fort where the old trade route from the Moravian Gate down to Kraków crossed the Oder river. There is a possibility that Racibórz was mentioned in a work of the "Bavarian Geographer" in 845 (this document mentions five strongholds of the Slavic Golensizi (Golenshitse, Holasici in Czech), a proto-Polish tribe, probably Racibórz was one of them).[2] The name Racibórz is of Slavic origin and probably is derived from the name of one Duke Racibor, the city's founder.

Middle Ages

[edit]
Racibórz Castle

However, the first confirmed mention of Racibórz was made in 1108 in the Gesta principum Polonorum chronicle by the Benedictine monk Gallus Anonymus,[3] at a time when the Polish duke Bolesław III Wrymouth had to ward off the attacks by the forces of Duke Svatopluk of Bohemia invading from the Moravian lands in the south. The Polish rule over the Racibórz area was confirmed in 1137, it was incorporated into the Duchy of Silesia according to the Testament of Bolesław III in the following year.

Racibórz was an important center of beer production, and the townspeople enjoyed a privilege that allowed brewing already in the early 12th century.[4] Brewing was an important source of the town's income, and local beer was popular not only in Silesia, but also in neighboring Czechia.[4]

From 1155, Racibórz was the seat of a castellany. The town became the first historical capital of Upper Silesia, when the Duchy of Racibórz was established by the Piast duke Mieszko I Tanglefoot upon the first partition of Silesia in 1172. From 1202 onwards, Duke Mieszko ruled over whole Upper Silesia as Duke of Opole and Racibórz. He had the settlement beneath his residence laid out and the area colonized by Flemish merchants, the first coin with the Polish description "MILOST" was issued in Racibórz in 1211. Mieszko's son and successor Duke Casimir I granted the Racibórz citizens municipal privileges in 1217.

In 1241, the Poles led by local Duke Mieszko II the Fat won the Battle of Racibórz during the first Mongol invasion of Poland and the Duke founded a Dominican monastery in the city, where he was buried in 1246. The first Polish national anthem Gaude Mater Polonia was written ca. 1260–70 in Latin by the Dominican brother Wincenty of Kielcza. In 1285 Duke Przemysław of Racibórz granted the Wrocław bishop Thomas II Zaremba asylum during his fierce struggle with the Silesian duke Henry IV Probus. In turn, Bishop Thomas donated a college of canons at Racibórz Castle, dedicated to Saint Thomas of Canterbury. Duke Przemysław also founded a Dominican nunnery and his daughter Euphemia became its first prioress in 1313. Around 1300, the Dominican friar Peregrine of Opole compiled his Sermones de tempore and Sermones de sanctis collections.

Gradual of Racibórz (Graduał raciborski)

From 1299 onwards, Racibórz was ruled by an autonomous city council according to Magdeburg town law. When in 1327 Duke Leszek of Racibórz paid homage to the Luxembourg king John of Bohemia, his duchy became a Bohemian fiefdom. The Bohemian feudal suzerainty, confirmed in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin, led to the seizure of Racibórz as a reverted fief, when the line of the Silesian Piasts became extinct upon Duke Leszek's death in 1336. The next year King John enfeoffed Leszek's brother-in-law Duke Nicholas II of Opava with the duchy, which from that time on was ruled by the Opava cadet branch of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. The Racibórz citizens retained their autonomy and the town developed to an important commercial centre for the region with significant cloth, tanning and brewing industries.

Modern Era

[edit]
Contemporary map of 16th-century Racibórz

When the last Přemyslid duke Valentin died and was buried in the Dominican church in 1521, Racibórz according to a 1512 inheritance treaty fell to the Opole dukes Jan II the Good, also a vassal of Bohemian king. As he himself left no male heirs, his lands fell back to the Habsburg king Ferdinand I. With Opole, Racibórz was temporarily given in pawn to the Hohenzollern margraves of Ansbach and to the royal Polish House of Vasa. The town's economy suffered from the devastations in the Thirty Years' War. In 1683, on his way to the Battle of Vienna, Polish King John III Sobieski stopped in Racibórz, which he called a beautiful and fortified town in a letter to his wife Queen Marie Casimire.[5]

After the First Silesian War in 1742, Racibórz was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia under Frederick the Great. With most of the Silesian territory it was incorporated into the Province of Silesia in 1815 and the town became the administrative seat of a Landkreis. In the 18th century, Racibórz belonged to the tax inspection region of Prudnik.[6] The mediate Lordship of Ratibor was acquired by Elector William I of Hesse in 1812, succeeded by Landgrave Victor Amadeus of Hesse-Rotenburg in 1821 and Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst in 1834, who was vested with the title of a "Duke of Ratibor" by King Frederick William IV of Prussia in 1840. At that time, Ratibor had already lost its status as a residential town, while the princes held court in Rudy palace in Rudy (then officially Groß Rauden). In the 19th century, Prussian policies increased the Germanisation. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising in 1863.[7] Ratibor became part of the German Empire in 1871.

20th century

[edit]

According to the Prussian census of 1910, the city of Ratibor had a population of 38,424, of which around 60% spoke German, 30% spoke Polish and 10% were bilingual.[8] After World War I, the Upper Silesian plebiscite was held in 1921, in which 90.9% of votes in Ratibor town were for Germany and 9.1% were for Poland.[9] Consequently, the town remained in Germany, as part of the Prussian Province of Upper Silesia, and became a border town, while the present-day district of Brzezie, lying east of the Oder was reintegrated with Poland. Nazi Germany increasingly persecuted local Polish activists since 1937.[10] In May 1939, the Germans searched the local branch of the Union of Poles in Germany and arrested both its secretary Leon Czogała and Ludwika Linderówna, activist of the local Association of Polish Women.[11] In June 1939, the Gestapo seized the headquarters of local Polish organizations, which was then handed over to the Hitler Youth, while the Polish library and documents were confiscated.[12]

Volkssturm troops in the town in 1945

During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Einsatzgruppe I entered the town on September 4, 1939, to commit atrocities against Poles.[13] In September 1939, the Germans confiscated assets of the local Polish bank, and carried out mass arrests of prominent Poles, including the chairman of the local "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society, the editor-in-chief of local Polish newspaper Dziennik Raciborski, the chairman of the local Polish bank and activists of the Association of Polish Women.[14] During the war, the Germans operated a Nazi prison,[15] a Polenlager forced labour camp for Poles,[16] a forced labour camp for Jews,[17] and six labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town, and three labour subcamps of Stalag VIII-B/344 in the present-day district of Brzezie.[18] In 1945, the Germans sent 176 prisoners of the Nazi prison on a death march to Kłodzko,[19] and two German-conducted death marches of prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp and its subcamps passed through the town towards the Gross-Rosen concentration camp and Opava.[20] In the final stages of the war, it was initially spared by the Red Army Vistula–Oder Offensive but occupied and devastated on 30 March 1945. After end of the war, in June 1945, the army of Czechoslovakia briefly entered into the town and Czechoslovakia officially claimed the area of Racibórz and Głubczyce (Ratibořsko and Hlubčicko) because of having a substantial Czech minority (see border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia). At the same time the expulsion of Germans started, while the town became wholly part of Poland as defined at the Potsdam Conference. The German CDU politician Herbert Hupka at the end of his life promoted reconciliation between the former German inhabitants, including himself, and the new Polish settlers and administration of Racibórz.

In 1997, a flood devastated the town. As a result, the Racibórz Dolny flood control reservoir located nearby the town was built and officially opened in 2020. The reservoir has the capacity of 185 million cubic meters and cost an estimated 2 billion zloty. It played a crucial role in protecting Racibórz and the cities of Opole and Wrocław from flooding during the 2024 Central European floods.[21]

Climate

[edit]

Racibórz has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[22][23]

Climate data for Racibórz (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		37.7
(99.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		37.7
(99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		13.9
(57.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.4
(32.7) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		5.0
(41.0)
Record low °C (°F) −29.7
(−21.5) 		−28.8
(−19.8) 		−23.2
(−9.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.5
(32.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−27.1
(−16.8) 		−29.7
(−21.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.2
(1.07) 		25.1
(0.99) 		31.4
(1.24) 		36.8
(1.45) 		68.2
(2.69) 		77.9
(3.07) 		90.7
(3.57) 		69.3
(2.73) 		63.3
(2.49) 		46.7
(1.84) 		38.1
(1.50) 		30.1
(1.19) 		604.8
(23.81)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.7
(2.6) 		6.2
(2.4) 		3.1
(1.2) 		1.1
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		2.0
(0.8) 		3.8
(1.5) 		6.7
(2.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.03 13.52 13.89 11.50 13.83 13.53 14.20 11.93 11.80 12.83 13.63 14.10 159.80
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 14.9 13.3 5.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.6 9.4 47.8
Average relative humidity (%) 84.9 82.2 77.3 71.2 73.7 75.3 73.7 73.4 79.1 82.7 85.9 86.2 78.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47.1 67.0 116.0 179.8 220.7 224.1 240.7 235.2 153.4 107.4 56.7 41.4 1,689.5
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[32][33][34]

Districts

[edit]
  • Centrum
  • Nowe Zagrody
  • Ocice
  • Stara Wieś
  • Miedonia
  • Ostróg
  • Markowice
  • Płonia
  • Brzezie
  • Sudół
  • Studzienna
  • Obora

Culture

[edit]

The officially protected traditional beverage from Racibórz is local beer, which is produced in various styles (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland).[4]

Sports

[edit]
Racibórz Critical Mass in 2009

The local men's football team is KP Unia Racibórz. It competes in the lower leagues, however, it played in the Polish top division in the past. Defunct women's football club RTP Unia Racibórz was also based in the town. It played in Poland's top division, and won five consecutive national championships from 2009 to 2013.

Notable people

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Racibórz is twinned with:[35]

Former twin towns:

[edit]
  • Parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
    Parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
  • Prison Tower
    Prison Tower
  • Saint James church
    Saint James church
  • Chapel of St. Thomas Becket
    Chapel of St. Thomas Becket
  • Church of John the Baptist
    Church of John the Baptist
  • District Court
    District Court
  • Sobieski Oak
    Sobieski Oak
  • Racibórz Dolny reservoir
    Racibórz Dolny reservoir

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 19 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 2411011.
  2. ^ Paweł Newerla: Dzieje Raciborza i jego dzielnic, p.13, Racibórz: Wydawnictwo i Agencja Informacyjna WAW, 2008. ISBN 978-83-89802-73-6 (pl)
  3. ^ Paweł Newerla: Dzieje Raciborza i jego dzielnic, p.9, Racibórz: Wydawnictwo i Agencja Informacyjna WAW, 2008. ISBN 978-83-89802-73-6 (pl)
  4. ^ a b c "Piwo raciborskie". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  5. ^ Paweł Freus. "Jan III Sobieski na Śląsku w drodze na odsiecz Wiedniowi roku 1683". Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie (in Polish). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Historia Powiatu Prudnickiego - Starostwo Powiatowe w Prudniku". 2020-11-16. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  7. ^ Pater, Mieczysław (1963). "Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish) (4): 418.
  8. ^ Belzyt, Leszek (1998). Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar. Marburg: Herder-Inst. ISBN 978-3-87969-267-5.
  9. ^ "Aktuelle News, Schlagzeilen und Berichte aus aller Welt - Arcor.de". www.arcor.de. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  10. ^ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 24.
  11. ^ Cygański, p. 28
  12. ^ Cygański, p. 27
  13. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 58.
  14. ^ Cygański, p. 33-34
  15. ^ "Zuchthaus und Haftanstalt Ratibor". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Polenlager Ratibor". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  17. ^ "Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Ratibor". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  19. ^ Konieczny, Alfred (1974). "Więzienie karne w Kłodzku w latach II wojny światowej". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish). XXIX (3). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk: 377.
  20. ^ "The Death Marches". Sub Camps of Auschwitz. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  21. ^ Katarzyna Oleksik (21 September 2024). "Zbiornik Racibórz zdobył serca internautów. "Prawdziwy debeściak wśród zbiorników!"". dziendobry.tvn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  22. ^ Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  23. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
  24. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Racibórz Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Racibórz Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  34. ^ "Racibórz Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  35. ^ "Miasta partnerskie". raciborz.pl (in Polish). Racibórz. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  36. ^ "Racibórz zrywa umowę o współpracy z Kaliningradem. Radni przegłosowali uchwałę, choć prezydent twierdził, że współpracy nie ma" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 March 2022.
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