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Glossary of names for the British

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This article is about terms applied to people, some of which are controversial. For a discussion of the overlapping terms for states/countries/nations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see Terminology of the British Isles.

This glossary of names for the British include nicknames and terms, including affectionate ones, neutral ones, and derogatory ones to describe British people, Irish People and more specifically English, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish people. Many of these terms may vary between offensive, derogatory, neutral and affectionate depending on a complex combination of tone, facial expression, context, usage, speaker and shared past history.

Terms for the British in English

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Brit

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Brit is a commonly used term in the United States, the Republic of Ireland and elsewhere, shortened from "Briton" or "Britisher".[1]

Limey

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"Limey" redirects here. For other uses, see Limey (disambiguation).
British sailor, circa 1790

"Limey" (from lime / lemon) is a predominantly North American slang nickname for a British person. The word has been around since the mid-19th century. Intended as a pejorative, the word is not commonly used today, though it retains that connotation.[2][3]

The term is thought to have originated in the 1850s as lime-juicer,[4] later shortened to "limey",[5] and was originally used as a derogatory word for sailors in the Royal Navy. It derives from the Royal Navy's practice, since the beginning of the 19th century, of adding lemon juice or lime juice to the sailors' daily ration of watered-down rum (known as grog), in order to prevent scurvy.[6][7] Initially, lemon juice (from lemons imported from Europe) was used as the additive to grog on the Royal Navy ships, but that was later switched to limes, which were grown in British colonies. It was not understood that limes contain only one quarter as much vitamin C as lemons. Moreover, processing and storing the juice further reduced the amount of vitamin C present, and as a result, lime juice-based grog was not able to prevent scurvy.[8]

In time, the term lost its naval connotation and was used to refer to British people in general and, in the 1880s, British immigrants in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.[9] Although the term may have been used earlier in the US Navy as slang for a British sailor or a British warship, such a usage was not documented until 1918.[9] By 1925, the usage of limey in American English had been extended to mean any British person, and the term was so commonly known that it was featured in American newspaper headlines.[9]

Pommy or pom

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"Pommy" redirects here. For the play, see Pommy (play).

The terms pommy, pommie, and pom used in Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand usually denote a British person. Newspapers in Australia were using the term by 1912, with it appearing first in Western Australia, and was said to be short for pomegranate, with the terms "jimmy" and "jimmigrant" also in use.[10][11][12] The term Ten-pound Pom refers to British (subsidized) migrants to Australia and New Zealand after World War II.

Disputes about whether the term Pom is derogatory or offensive have occurred since 1925.[13] The Oxford Dictionary defines its use as "often derogatory",[14] but after complaints to the Australian Advertising Standards Board about five advertisements using the term "poms", the board ruled in 2006 that these words are inoffensive, in part because they are "largely used in playful or affectionate terms".[15] The New Zealand Broadcasting Standards Authority made a similar ruling in 2010.[16] The BBC, the British national broadcaster, has used the phrase on occasion.[17]

There are several folk etymologies for "pommy" or "pom". The best-documented of these is that "pommy" originated as a contraction of "pomegranate".[18][13][19][unreliable source?] According to this explanation, "pomegranate" was Australian rhyming slang for "immigrant" (like "Jimmy Grant").[20] Usage of "pomegranate" for English people may have been strengthened by a belief in Australia that sunburn occurs more frequently amongst English immigrants, turning those with fair skin the colour of pomegranates.[21]

Another explanation – now generally considered to be a false etymology – was that "pom" or "pommy" were derived from an acronym such as POM ("prisoner of Millbank"), POME ("prisoner of Mother England") or POHMS ("prisoner of Her Majesty's Service").[22] However, there is no evidence that such terms, or their acronyms, were used in Australia when "pom" and "pommy" entered use there. Other theories are that they come from the use of "pom-pom" guns by the British in the First and Second Boer Wars, from a corruption of "Tommy Atkins", or from "Pompey", a nickname for Portsmouth.[23]

Tan

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A pejorative used colloquially in Ireland, referring to the Black and Tan forces supplied by David Lloyd George to Ireland during the Irish War of Independence in order to assist the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in combating the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The force was composed mainly of First World War British Army veterans, who wore distinctive Khaki British Army uniforms with dark RIC overcoats. The term's use is often used in Irish republican contexts. By extension, Great Britain is sometimes referred to as "Tanland".[citation needed]

Tommy

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The name Tommy for any soldier in the British Army is particularly associated with World War I. The German,[24] the French and the British Commonwealth armies used the name "Tommy" for British soldiers. "Tommy" is derived from the name "Tommy Atkins" which had been used as a generic name for a soldier for many years (and had been used as an example name on British Army registration forms). The precise origin is the subject of some debate, but it is known to have been used as early as 1743. Rudyard Kipling published the poem "Tommy" (part of the Barrack Room Ballads) in 1892 and in 1893 the music hall song "Private Tommy Atkins" was published with words by Henry Hamilton and music by S. Potter. In 1898 William McGonagall wrote "Lines in Praise of Tommy Atkins". The term is still used today in the British Army in the abridged version "Tom", especially in the Infantry Regiments, to specifically refer to a junior enlisted soldier.[25]

In languages other than English

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Europe

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In Finnish the abbreviation of iso-britannialainen (literally "Great/Large Briton") Britti is colloquially most commonly used for a British person, often also referring interchangeably to a person from England.

In Poland, a regular formal term to describe an English man is Anglik, in plural Anglicy, derived from the Polish word for England, Anglia, with the word Brytyjczyk meaning a British from the Polish name for Britain. Polish people often use terms Anglik and Anglia to talk about the whole UK, including Scotland, Wales etc. Derogatory or disdainful (or sometimes just funny or ironic) terms coined in recent years are Angol and Brytol however, due to negative connotations they are not used in formal writing or by the media or are used in social media and various alternative sources with varied connotations.

In the Czech Republic the term Anglán is often used, which has the same roots as the Polish Anglik – the Czechs call England Anglie. This word carried no derogatory connotations. However, unlike the formal Angličan, it is not used by the press because of its informality.

In Hungary the English are called angol or in plural angolok. England is called Anglia. British people in general are called brit or in plural britek but the term is less widespread and very uncommon. Great Britain is called Nagy-Britannia but the United Kingdom is called Egyesült Királyság.

Inselaffe / Insel-Affe

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Inselaffe ("island ape") is a pejorative German term[26][27][28] allegedly dating back to English scientists Darwin and Wallace's publications on evolution. [citation needed]

Rosbif/Rosbeef/Bife

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The original explanation of the French term rosbif is that it referred to the English tradition of cooking roast beef, and especially to the song "The Roast Beef of Old England".[29]

In Portugal, the term bife (literally meaning 'steak', but sounding like "beef") is used as a slang term to refer to the English.[30] There is a feminine form, bifa, mainly used to refer to English female tourists in Portugal.[citation needed]

Les goddams

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Les goddams (sometimes les goddems[31] or les goddons[32]) is an obsolete ethnic slur historically used by the French to refer to the English, based on their frequent expletives.[33] The name originated during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France, when English soldiers achieved notoriety among the French for their frequent use of profanity and in particular the interjection "God damn".[34][35][36]

Brittunculi

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In one of the Vindolanda tablets from Hadrian's Wall the pejorative Latin word Brittunculi (wretched little brits).

Africa

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Afrikaans speakers may use the term rooinek (literally 'red neck', another reference to sunburning) in reference to the British, or to White South Africans of British descent.[37] During the Second Boer War, the British became known as khakis, in reference to the colour of their uniforms – which, by then, was no longer the red coats as those were unsuitable for the South African climate.[38][39]

Another now largely archaic term used by Afrikaners to describe South Africans of British descent is soutie or soutpiel, meaning 'salty' or 'salty penis' respectively. The meaning behind this is that they have one foot in Britain and one foot in South Africa, leaving their penis to hang in the salty sea water.[40]

In the East African Bantu languages mzungu has come to mean any white European but more often than not especially the British or English, due to their prior presence in the region.[citation needed]

Latin America

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Argentinians use the Spanish term pirata (pirate) to pejoratively refer to the British, in reference to the longstanding Falklands dispute.[41][42][43]

Middle East

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During the British Mandate in Palestine, British troops of the 6th Airborne Division were often referred to as כלניות or Kalaniot, being Hebrew for Anemones, reflecting their red berets.

In Iraq, British occupying forces post WWI were known as “Abu Naji”[44]

Indian subcontinent

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"Angrez" redirects here. For the 2015 Indian film, see Angrej.

In Hindi, Hindustani and Urdu the term Angrez is used to refer to the British. This word has its origin in Portuguese Inglês, meaning 'Englishman'.[45][46] A derivative is the term Angrezan or Angrezni, meaning an Englishwoman.[46] Among the Europeans, the Portuguese were the first to arrive in India. The influx of the Portuguese led to language contact between their tongue and the local languages. As a consequence of this, a Portuguese pidgin developed that served as the lingua franca.[47]

The term Farangi (Franks) has been used in Persian language since the 13th century to refer to all Europeans, Western Europeans in particular. Hindustani/Hindi has adopted this word from Persian and it is used to refer to the Europeans in general (including the British).[48]

The adjective Gora (Gori for females) is also commonly used amongst Britons with subcontinental roots to refer to white Britons, although the term literally translates to 'fair-skinned one', and thus could and is applied to individuals of any ethnicity with a fair complexion, including British Asians themselves. The adjective has also been used as a noun to describe white people – hence its potential usage as a racial slur.[49]

In Nepal, the British are often referred to as Kuires/Khaires, which means 'people of white or pale colour'. It is also used in general for any European person with white skin.

Ingraj is used in Maharashtra (Marathi) and West Bengal (Bengali) in India to refer to British people.The word Vilyati is also used for describing British people.It comes from Vilayat for foreign land.[50] The English variation of Vilayat is Blighty.

Malayalis of Kerala use the term Sayyippu or Vellakkaran to refer to a male westerner.

In Assam (which became part of British India in 1828), the British are called Boga Bongal (literally meaning 'white foreigners' or 'white intruders').

In Tamil Nadu the Tamil word Vellaikaaran means 'white man' and usually refers to members of the British colonial government in the 18th to 19th century. It is used in the present day to refer anyone who is White with European origin; many rural Tamil villagers still believe that all Europeans are either British or of British descent.

Southeast Asia

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In Malaysia, one common Malay equivalent is Mat Salleh. The term may have originated from the general depiction of Royal Navy sailors who were often drunk (Mad Sailors); due to the locals' unfamiliarity with English, it became corrupted as mat salleh (Mat and Salleh are both typical Malay names). Another possible origin of the phrase is the Mat Salleh Rebellion, led by North Borneo chief Mat Salleh, against the British North Borneo Company during the late 19th century. Another alternative to mat salleh is orang putih (literally 'white people' in Malay) or its shortened rural form, omputih. In ancient Malaccan times, the term orang deringgi was also used. Balanda from Hollander is another word from Malay used by Makassarese and in northern Australia.[51]

In Thai, the word anggrit (อังกฤษ) is used to describe both the English in particular, and the British in general. In everyday speech the word Farang (ฝรั่ง) is usually used to describe British people as well as other light-skinned Europeans. Some foreigners regard this word as racist. In journalism, the expression puu dee (ผู้ดี) meaning 'nobleman' is sometimes used to denote 'English'.[citation needed]

Southeast Asian Hokkien and Teochew speakers also call the British ang mo (紅毛), which literally means 'red-haired'. The term was originally used to describe Dutch traders, but is now used for all white people.[52]

East Asia

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The following terms are used to mean 'Britain' or 'British' and use etymologies mostly unrelated to "Britain":

These terms are also used to refer to England in unofficial contexts. More formal names also exist, such as the Chinese 聯合王國 Liánhéwángguó and Japanese 連合王国 Rengōōkoku literally meaning 'United Kingdom'. Separate words exist in all of these languages for each of the constituent parts of the UK, including England, although, as elsewhere, there is little awareness of correct usage. The Chinese Dàbùlièdiān (Hanzi: 大不列颠) is used for historical purposes to mean 'Great Britain'. The first character means 'Great' and the other three have unrelated meanings, having been selected for the sound instead of meaning. In Chinese, yīngjílì (Simplified characters: 英吉利), a transliteration of English, is also used to refer Britain in general.

The Chinese Yīngguó, the Japanese Eikoku, and the Korean "Yeongguk" are all derived from the traditional Chinese characters 英国/國, where the first character 英 has no meaning in this context, although in Chinese, 英 is phonetically similar to "Eng", as in "England", and the second character 国 means 'country', 'nation', or 'kingdom'. While Korean is now written in the phonetic Hangul alphabet, when writing or using Chinese characters Koreans will use the traditional character for "kingdom," 國, rather than its simplified counterpart 国, which is in everyday use in China and Japan.

In Hong Kong, gweilo (pronounced [kʷɐ̌i lǒu]) is a slang word to generally refer to white westerners. It has a history of racial degradation, however it can be used non-racially and more generally in modern Hong Kong. "Gwei" means ghost and "lo" means guy, referring to their pale skin.[53]

In Japanese, the term Igirisu (Katakana: イギリス) is used interchangeably with Eikoku, but is considered slightly more foreign because it comes from the Portuguese word Inglês (English) – despite this origin, Igirisu refers to the United Kingdom as a whole, and not specifically to England, which is Ingurando (Katakana: イングランド) and so Igirisu is more commonly used.[54]

Oceania

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As with the South East Asian term Farangi and the Northern Australian term Balanda (see above), the Māori term Pākehā and general Polynesian term Palagi have been used generically for Europeans for many years; given that the predominant early European settlers in Australia, New Zealand and many Pacific islands spoke English, these terms are occasionally used specifically for English or British people. The Māori term for the English language, for instance, is Reo Pākehā.

Names for the peoples of the United Kingdom

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Alternative names for English people

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  • The Celtic languages of the British Isles use terms derived from Old English Seaxan, 'Saxon', possibly itself derived from Old English seax:
  • 'Southrons' – the historical Scots language name for the English, largely displaced since the eighteenth century by "Sassenachs".[citation needed]
  • 'Overner' – A term used by residents of the Isle of Wight to refer to people from the English mainland and elsewhere.[55][56]
  • 'White settlers' is a term used by some Scottish and Welsh nationalist groups for English emigrants living in Scotland and Wales.[57][58]

Alternative names for Scottish people

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  • Jock (offensive)
  • Sweaty, rhyming slang (Sweaty Sock / Jock) (offensive)
  • Sawney (now obsolete)

Alternative names for Welsh people

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  • Gog, person from North Wales (from the Welsh "gogledd": north)[59]
  • Hwntw, person from South Wales (from the colloquial southern Welsh "hwnt" meaning "over there")[60]
  • Taff (or taffy) from the Welsh name Dafydd[61]

Alternative names for Northern-Irish people

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Regional alternative names

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In most cases regional names are associated with those who speak with a specific regional accent, distinct to the area.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Etymology Online "Brit"".
  2. ^ "lim·ey". Britannica Dictionary. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  3. ^ Oxford Dictionaries: Limey Retrieved 2011-07-06
  4. ^ "lime-juicer". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  5. ^ "limey". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  6. ^ "Limey". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  7. ^ Harvie, David I. (2005). Limeys: The Conquest of Scurvy. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-3993-5.
  8. ^ Cegłowski, Maciej (6 March 2010). "Scott And Scurvy". Idle Words. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  9. ^ a b c "limey". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  10. ^ "AUSTRALIANS AND IMMIGRANTS". The West Australian. Vol. XXVIII, no. 8, 057. Western Australia. 27 January 1912. p. 14. Retrieved 7 June 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Australia and the English Immigrant". The Socialist. No. 314. Victoria, Australia. 5 July 1912. p. 2. Retrieved 7 June 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Bidding for "Pommies"". Sport. 3 August 1912. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2020 – via Trove.
  13. ^ a b ""Pommies"". Call. 27 February 1925. p. 9. Retrieved 13 May 2020 – via Trove.
  14. ^ "Pommy – definition of Pommy in English from the Oxford dictionary". Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  15. ^ "Pom ruled not offensive". The Sunday Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  16. ^ "'Pommy git' okay, BSA rules". New Zealand Herald. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  17. ^ "Pomnishambles: The Inside Story of the 2013-14 Ashes Whitewash, Test Match Special - BBC Radio 5 live". BBC. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  18. ^ Gary Martin. "Pommy-bashing". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  19. ^ "Definition of pom". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  20. ^ Tom McArthur (ed.), 1992, The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p384.
  21. ^ Boycott, Geoffrey (10 January 2008). "Cricket must crack down on the abuse – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  22. ^ "Snopes.com "Etymology of Pommy"". 26 April 2001.
  23. ^ Arthur Jones (17 January 1988). "The story behind the word . Do Poms come from Portsmouth?". The Canberra Times. p. 2. Retrieved 13 May 2020 – via Trove.
  24. ^ "Slang terms at the Front". The British Library. 30 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  25. ^ Laffin, John (2016). Tommy Atkins: The Story of the English Soldier. The History Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7524-6694-1.
  26. ^ Fletcher, Guy; Ridge, Michael R. (2014). Having it Both Ways: Hybrid Theories and Modern Metaethics. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-934758-2. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  27. ^ "dict.cc "Inselaffe"".
  28. ^ Brown, Jonathan (28 September 2006). "Terms of abuse and affection: Do they mean us? They surely do!". The Independent. London: Independent Digital News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  29. ^ "BBC – Why do the French call the British 'the roast beefs'?". BBC News. 3 April 2003. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  30. ^ "Lisbonblog "Bife"". Archived from the original on 12 September 2011.[self-published source]
  31. ^ Hughes, Geoffrey. (1998). Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Penguin. p. 1. ISBN 978-0140267075
  32. ^ Calder, Nigel (1986). The English Channel. Chatto & Windus. p. 185. ISBN 978-0701130534
  33. ^ Hitchings, Henry (2011). The Language Wars: A History of Proper English. Hachette UK. p. 20. ISBN 978-0374183295
  34. ^ Richards, Jeffrey. Films and British National Identity: From Dickens to Dad's Army. Manchester University Press. p. 13-14. ISBN 978-0719047435
  35. ^ Hughes, Geoffrey (2006). An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World. M.E. Sharpe. p. 324. ISBN 978-0765612311
  36. ^ Caunce, Stephen. (2004). Relocating Britishness. Manchester University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0719070266
  37. ^ Donald G. McNeil Jr (11 October 1998). "Like Politics, All Political Correctness Is Local". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008.[self-published source]
  38. ^ "British Military Terms and Soldier Slang".
  39. ^ "List of South African Slang Words". Archived from the original on 21 April 2012.[self-published source]
  40. ^ "dictionary.com "soutpiel"".
  41. ^ "Usurpación pirata de las Islas Malvinas". La Opinión Popular (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  42. ^ Clarín, Redacción (25 March 2011). "El inglés que quería viajar en todos los colectivos". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  43. ^ "Nos dieron la razón: los ingleses reconocieron que son "piratas"". Grupo Crónica (in Spanish). EFE. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  44. ^ "U.S. Occupation leaves cultural legacy in Iraq". NBC News. 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.
  45. ^ A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary by F. Steinngass, New Delhi 2005, p. 114. ISBN 81-206-0670-1
  46. ^ a b "Portuguese loanwords in Urdu", Dawn News, 31 May 2010
  47. ^ Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh University Press, p. 96.
  48. ^ "Feringhee". Lexico Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  49. ^ Terry Victor; Tom Dalzell (1 December 2007). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 1991. ISBN 978-1-134-61533-9. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  50. ^ https://www.oed.com/dictionary/vilayat_n
  51. ^ Rick Hosking, ed. (2010). Reading the Malay World. Wakefield Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-86254-894-7. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  52. ^ Zaccheus, Melody (3 December 2019). "Term 'ang moh' in use as early as 1600s in Ming Dynasty map". The Straits Times.
  53. ^ Patrick J. Cummings; Hans-Georg Wolf (2011). A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor. Hong Kong University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9789888083305.
  54. ^ Kendall, Philip (8 December 2015). "Why is the UK called Igirisu in Japanese?". Japan Today.
  55. ^ Varley, Telford (29 November 2012). Isle of Wight. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-107-62870-0. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  56. ^ a b Aldridge, Meryl (1 April 2007). Understanding The Local Media. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 13. ISBN 978-0-335-22172-1. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  57. ^ Ward, David (1 March 2002). "Wales swamped by tide of English settlers". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  58. ^ Gilligan, Andrew (7 September 2014). "Anti-English racists terrorising the No campaign in Scotland". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  59. ^ "The real meanings behind the Welsh nicknames we all use". 24 December 2018.
  60. ^ "Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru". geiriadur.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  61. ^ Dent, Susie, ed. (2012). "Taffy". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Chambers Harrap Publishers.
  62. ^ Quinn, Andrew (31 January 2018). "14 telltale signs you are truly 'Norn-Irish'". The News Letter.
  63. ^ Meyer, Carolyn (1987). Voices of Northern Ireland: Growing Up in a Troubled Land. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-15-200635-8.
  64. ^ Warzynski, P A. "Lestah phrases only true chissits will understand". Leicester Mercury. No. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  65. ^ "The real meanings behind the Welsh nicknames we all use". Wales Online. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  66. ^ Davies, Norman (2011). Vanished Kingdoms. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1846143380.
  67. ^ "Jeelie". Dictionary of the Scots Language. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. 2004.
  68. ^ Holman, Tom (2010). A Lancashire Miscellany. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-1-907666-41-4.
  69. ^ "Sunderland Mackem Origin". Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.[self-published source]
  70. ^ "Pie-eaters to battle it out in Wigan". The Daily Mirror. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  71. ^ "raddleman". Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021.
  72. ^ "Reasons why South Shields people are called Sand Dancer". thenorthernecho.co.uk. 11 June 2022.
  73. ^ tyke. (n.d.) Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. (1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014). Retrieved 16 August 2016 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tyke
  74. ^ Erskine, Rosalind (18 September 2019). "Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning". The Scotsman.
  75. ^ Mitchell, Kevin (23 January 2005). "Scummers v Skates". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2024.

Further reading

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  • Safire, William. "Brits, Tommies, Poms, Limeys & Kippers." New York Times Magazine 27 January 1991 Vol. 140 Issue 4849, page 8–9. online at William Safire (2011). In Love with Norma Loquendi. Random House. pp. 43–50. ISBN 9780307799753.
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