List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves
Foreign exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, in a strict sense, are foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and monetary authorities. However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.[1] These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g., the U.S. dollar, the euro, the pound sterling, the Japanese yen, the Swiss franc, the Indian Rupees and the Chinese Renminbi) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g., the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency.
Foreign-exchange reserves is generally used to intervene in the foreign exchange market to stabilize or influence the value of a country’s currency. Central banks can buy or sell foreign currency to influence exchange rates directly. For example, if a currency is depreciating, a central bank can sell its reserves in foreign currency to buy its own currency, creating demand and helping to stabilize its value. High levels of reserves instill confidence among investors and traders. If market participants believe that a country has sufficient reserves to support its currency, they are less likely to engage in speculative attacks that could lead to a sharp depreciation. In times of economic uncertainty or financial market volatility, central banks can use reserves to smooth out fluctuations in the exchange rate, reducing the impact of sudden capital outflows or shocks to the economy. Adequate reserves ensure that a country can meet its international payment obligations, which helps maintain a stable exchange rate by preventing panic in the foreign exchange market. Having substantial reserves allows central banks to implement monetary policies more effectively. They can afford to maintain interest rates or engage in other measures without the immediate fear of depleting reserves, which can influence market expectations positively.[2]
List
[edit]- All the figures below are in U.S.$ equivalents as different countries report data in different currencies.
- The exchange rate of the currencies as well the as gold price of the reported date is considered while calculating U.S.$ equivalents.
- Not all countries keep gold as reserves to avoid physical storage costs & the risks associated with it, hence there are no values in excluding gold column.
- Sorting the data in desirable column would provide rankings.
| Countries | UN Geoscheme | Forex reserves including gold | Forex reserves excluding gold | Ref. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continents | Sub-regions | Millions U.S.$ equivalents | Last reported date | Change | Millions U.S.$ equivalents | Last reported date | Change | ||
 China |
Asia | East Asia | 3,571,803 | 31 Oct 2024 |  21,957 |
3,380,334 | 31 Oct 2024 | 415 |
[3] |
 Japan |
Asia | East Asia | 1,254,898 | 7 Oct 2024 | 19,198 |
1,183,365 | 31 Oct 2024 | 4,712 |
[4] |
 Switzerland |
Europe | Western Europe | 952,687 | 30 Sep 2024 | 1,127 |
864,519 | 30 Sep 2024 | 604 |
[5] |
 India |
Asia | South Asia | 684,805 | 1 Nov 2024 |  3,463 |
616,278 | 1 Nov 2024 | 4,541 |
[6][7] |
 Russia |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 628,500 | 1 Nov 2024 | 3,400 |
596,100 | 1 Nov 2024 | 720 |
[8] |
 Taiwan |
Asia | East Asia | 568,107 | 3 Apr 2024 | 132 |
563,720 | 3 Apr 2024 | 17 |
[9] |
 Saudi Arabia |
Asia | West Asia | 456,315 | 31 Oct 2024 | 12,838 |
456,315 | 7 Apr 2024 | 12,838 |
[10] |
 Hong Kong |
Asia | East Asia | 425,153 | 1 Apr 2024 | 2,126 |
425,126 | 1 Apr 2024 | 137 |
[11] |
 South Korea |
Asia | East Asia | 419,360 | 3 Apr 2024 | 3,580 |
419,360 | 3 Apr 2024 |  |
[12] |
 Singapore |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 384,587 | 1 Aug 2024 | 5,968 |
347,083 | 1 Mar 2024 | 356 |
[13] |
 Brazil |
Americas | South America | 388,571 | 1 Oct 2024 | 7,465 |
344,173 | 1 Mar 2024 | 361 |
[14] |
 Germany |
Europe | Western Europe | 339,800 | 31 Mar 2024 | 19,247 |
100,135 | 31 Mar 2024 | 734 |
[15] |
 Italy |
Europe | Southern Europe | 247,748 | 30 Apr 2024 | 8,882 |
77,727 | 30 Apr 2024 | 183 |
[16] |
 United States |
Americas | Northern America | 242,681 | 15 Mar 2024 | 1,422 |
231,640 | 15 Mar 2024 | 41 |
[17] |
 France |
Europe | Western Europe | 240,677 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,400 |
120,745 | 1 Mar 2024 | 33 |
[18] |
 Thailand |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 230,624 | 31 Jul 2024 | 6,296 |
212,160 | 31 Jul 2024 | 5.380 |
[19] |
 Mexico |
Americas | Central America | 225,427 | 6 Sep 2024 | 686 |
216,965 | 30 Jun 2024 | 439 |
[20] |
 Israel |
Asia | West Asia | 220,377 | 31 Sep 2024 | 2,992 |
220,377 | 31 Aug 2024 | 2,992 |
[21] |
 Poland |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 218,821 | 30 Sep 2024 | 5,524 |
183,060 | 30 Sep 2024 | 2,057 |
[22] |
 United Kingdom |
Europe | Northern Europe | 88,793 | 31 Jul 2024 | 6,186 |
163,520 | 5 Mar 2024 | 43 |
[23] |
 United Arab Emirates |
Asia | West Asia | 151,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,540 |
146,400 | 1 Mar 2024 | 34 |
[24] |
 Czech Republic |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 144,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,007 |
144,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[25] |
 Indonesia |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 149,915 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,515 |
149,915 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[26] |
 Turkey |
Asia | West Asia | 128,490 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,391 |
79,060 | 1 Mar 2024 | 129 |
[27] |
 Netherlands |
Europe | Western Europe | 125,451 | 1 Mar 2024 | 212 |
125,451 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[28] |
 Malaysia |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 119,700 | 30 Sep 2024 | 17,459 |
113,877 | 31 Aug 2024 | 14,225 |
[29] |
 Canada |
Americas | Northern America | 116,251 | 1 Mar 2024 | 45 |
116,251 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[30] |
 Philippines |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 111,981 | 30 Sep 2024 | 4,124 |
101,122 | 30 Sep 2024 | 3,486 |
[31] |
 Iraq |
Asia | West Asia | 100,000 | 25 Mar 2024 | 15,000 |
100,000 | 25 Mar 2024 | |
[32] |
 Spain |
Europe | Southern Europe | 94,341 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5,485 |
94,341 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[33] |
 Vietnam |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 93,342 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,241 |
93,342 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[34] |
 Romania |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 82,473 | 30 Sep 2024 | 4,005 |
73,645 | 30 Sep 2024 | 3,590 |
[35] |
 Belgium |
Europe | Western Europe | 82,000 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14,200 |
67,200 | 1 Mar 2024 | 79 |
[36] |
 Denmark |
Europe | Northern Europe | 80,058 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,261 |
75,660 | 1 Mar 2024 | 126 |
[37] |
 Peru |
Americas | South America | 73,483 | 1 Mar 2024 | 201 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[38] |
 Norway |
Europe | Northern Europe | 71,901 | 1 Mar 2024 | 330 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[39] |
 Libya |
Africa | North Africa | 70,524 | 1 Mar 2024 | 238 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[40] |
 Algeria |
Africa | North Africa | 68,028 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,880 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[41] |
 Qatar |
Asia | West Asia | 64,560 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8,931 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[42] |
 Sweden |
Europe | Northern Europe | 59,568 | 23 Mar 2024 | 842 |
51,602 | 23 Mar 2024 | 147 |
[43] |
 Colombia |
Americas | South America | 57,269 | 8 Mar 2024 | 124 |
No gold reserves | 8 Mar 2024 | |
[44] |
 Australia |
Oceania | Australasia | 53,883 | 7 Mar 2024 | 604 |
45,816 | 7 Mar 2024 | 48 |
[45] |
 Portugal |
Europe | Southern Europe | 53,710 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7,800 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[46] |
 South Africa |
Africa | Southern Africa | 53,473 | 7 Mar 2024 | 504 |
45,293 | 7 Mar 2024 | 49 |
[47] |
 Kuwait |
Asia | West Asia | 46,420 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,112 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[48] |
 Chile |
Americas | South America | 42,527 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,373 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[49] |
 Ukraine |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 40,507 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,212 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[50] |
 Hungary |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 41,344 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4,749 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[51] |
 Bulgaria |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 35,395 | 1 Mar 2024 | 692 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[52] |
 Egypt |
Africa | North Africa | 35,310 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,161 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[53] |
 Nigeria |
Africa | West Africa | 34,980 | 1 Mar 2024 | 465 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[54] |
 Austria |
Europe | Western Europe | 34,856 | 1 Mar 2024 | 954 |
34,671 | 1 Mar 2024 | 187 |
[55] |
 Kazakhstan |
Asia | Central Asia | 34,500 | 1 Mar 2024 | 938 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[56] |
 Uzbekistan |
Asia | Central Asia | 32,195 | 1 Mar 2024 | 950 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[57] |
 Morocco |
Africa | North Africa | 32,037 | 1 Mar 2024 | 213 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[58] |
 New Zealand |
Oceania | Australasia | 31,712 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,916 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[59] |
 Serbia |
Europe | Southern Europe | 31,119 | 9 Aug 2024 | 4.227 |
25.550 | 1 Jun 2024 | |
[60][61] |
 Bangladesh |
Asia | South Asia | 24,863 | 1 Oct 2024 | 1,707 |
No gold reserves | 1 Oct 2024 | |
[62] |
 Iran |
Asia | West Asia | 24,300 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,641 |
23,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[63] |
 Macau |
Asia | East Asia | 24,283 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,566 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[64] |
 Guatemala |
Americas | Central America | 21,390 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1300 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[65] |
 Argentina |
Americas | South America | 20,846 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,090 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[66] |
 Turkmenistan |
Asia | Central Asia | 20,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | 45 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[67] |
 Cambodia |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 18,496 | 1 Mar 2024 | 67 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[68] |
 Jordan |
Asia | West Asia | 18,765 | 1 Mar 2024 | 187 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[69] |
 Nepal |
Asia | South Asia | 18,400 | 11 Mar 2024 | 1,857 |
No gold reserves | 11 Mar 2024 | |
[70] |
 Oman |
Asia | West Asia | 16,163 | 1 Mar 2024 | 548 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[71] |
 Uruguay |
Americas | South America | 15,449 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1.176 |
15,441 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 |
[72] |
 Lebanon |
Asia | West Asia | 14,738 | 1 Mar 2024 | 692 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[73] |
 Dominican Republic |
Americas | Caribbean | 14,371 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,145 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[74] |
 Angola |
Africa | Central Africa | 14,200 | 15 Mar 2024 | 40 |
No gold reserves | 15 Mar 2024 | |
[75] |
 Costa Rica |
Americas | Central America | 13,200 | 1 Mar 2024 | 320 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[76] |
 Ireland |
Europe | Northern Europe | 12,599 | 1 Mar 2024 | 130 |
11,874 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
[77] |
 Azerbaijan |
Asia | West Asia | 11,650 | 1 Mar 2024 | 142 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[78] |
 Ivory Coast |
Africa | West Africa | 9,800 | 1 Mar 2024 | 18 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[79] |
 Paraguay |
Americas | South America | 9,707 | 1 Mar 2024 | 805 |
9,168 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
[80] |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Europe | Southern Europe | 8,711 | 1 Mar 2024 | 391 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[81] |
 Tunisia |
Africa | North Africa | 8,623 | 21 Mar 2024 | 539 |
No gold reserves | 21 Mar 2024 | |
[82] |
 North Korea |
Asia | East Asia | 9,109 | 1 Mar 2024 | 73 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[83] |
 Pakistan |
Asia | South Asia | 7,615 | 1 Oct 2024 | 258 |
No gold reserves | 1 Oct 2024 | |
[84] |
 Finland |
Europe | Northern Europe | 7,995 | 1 Mar 2024 | 22 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[85] |
 Slovakia |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 7,650 | 1 Mar 2024 | 441 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[86] |
 Honduras |
Americas | Central America | 7,390 | 21 Mar 2024 | 580 |
No gold reserves | 21 Mar 2024 | |
[87] |
 Tanzania |
Africa | Southern Africa | 7,022 | 22 Mar 2024 | 600 |
No gold reserves | 22 Mar 2024 | |
[88] |
 Iceland |
Europe | Northern Europe | 6,847 | 15 Mar 2024 | 24 |
6,668 | 15 Mar 2024 | 9 |
[89] |
 Myanmar |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 6,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 800 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[90] |
 Afghanistan |
Asia | South Asia | 6,228 | 1 Mar 2024 | 60 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[91] |
 Panama |
Americas | Central America | 6,143 | 1 Mar 2024 | 200 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[92] |
 Sri Lanka |
Asia | South Asia | 5,992 | 30 Sep 2024 | 55 |
No gold reserves | 30 Sep 2024 | |
[93] |
 Venezuela |
Americas | South America | 5,908 | 1 Mar 2024 | 776 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[94] |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
Americas | Caribbean | 5,800 | 18 Mar 2024 | 44 |
No gold reserves | 18 Mar 2024 | |
[95] |
 Moldova |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 5,600 | 30 Aug 2024 | 600 |
No gold reserves | 30 Aug 2024 | |
[96] |
 Mauritius |
Africa | Southern Africa | 5,591 | 1 Mar 2024 | 196 |
5,497 | 1 Mar 2024 | 27 |
[97] |
 Bahrain |
Asia | West Asia | 5,500 | 25 Mar 2024 | 128 |
No gold reserves | 25 Mar 2024 | |
[98] |
 Albania |
Europe | Southern Europe | 5,290 | 31 Apr 2024 | 200 |
5,290 | 31 Apr 2024 | 47 |
[99] |
 Georgia |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 5,224 | 25 Mar 2024 | 25580.8 | No gold reserves | 25 Mar 2024 | |
[100] |
 Mongolia |
Asia | East Asia | 5,120 | 20 Mar 2024 | 500 |
No gold reserves | 20 Mar 2024 | |
[101] |
 Botswana |
Africa | Southern Africa | 5,080 | 1 Mar 2024 | 267 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[102] |
 Jamaica |
Americas | Caribbean | 4,921 | 5 Mar 2024 | 300 |
No gold reserves | 5 Mar 2024 | |
[103] |
 Lithuania |
Europe | Northern Europe | 4,900 | 1 Mar 2024 | 440 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[104] |
 Vatican City |
Europe | Southern Europe | 4,339 | 1 Mar 2024 | 950 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[105] |
 Armenia |
Asia | West Asia | 4,298 | 25 Mar 2024 | 600 |
No gold reserves | 25 Mar 2024 | |
[106] |
 Nicaragua |
Americas | Central America | 3,980 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,100 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[107] |
 Greece |
Europe | Southern Europe | 3,926 | 1 Mar 2024 | 107 |
3,869 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8 |
[108] |
 Latvia |
Europe | Northern Europe | 3,913 | 1 Mar 2024 | 13 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[109] |
 Uganda |
Africa | East Africa | 3,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 259 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[110] |
 Andorra |
Europe | Southern Europe | 3,689 | 20 Mar 2024 | 11 |
No gold reserves | 20 Mar 2024 | |
[111] |
 Brunei |
Asia | West Asia | 3,664 | 1 Mar 2024 | 107 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[112] |
 Cameroon |
Africa | East Africa | 3,459 | 1 Mar 2024 | 180 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[113] |
 Ethiopia |
Africa | East Africa | 3,430 | 1 Mar 2024 | 170 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[114] |
 Ghana |
Africa | West Africa | 3,368 | 1 Mar 2024 | 452 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[115] |
 Ecuador |
Americas | South America | 3,305 | 1 Mar 2024 | 747 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[116] |
 Belarus |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 8,697 | 31 Aug 2024 | 165 |
4,333 | 31 Aug 2024 | |
[117] |
 Kyrgyzstan |
Asia | Central Asia | 2,976 | 1 Mar 2024 | 193 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[118] |
 Croatia |
Europe | Southern Europe | 2,935 | 1 Mar 2024 | 159 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[119] |
 Slovenia |
Europe | Eastern Europe | 2,519 | 1 Mar 2024 | 062 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[120] |
 El Salvador |
Americas | Central America | 2,510 | 1 Mar 2024 | 39 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[121] |
 Cuba |
Americas | Caribbean | 2,500 | 15 Mar 2024 | 10,391 |
No gold reserves | 15 Mar 2024 | |
[122] |
 Kenya |
Africa | East Africa | 2,490 | 5 Mar 2024 | 1,073 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[123] |
 Papua New Guinea |
Oceania | Melanesia | 2,339 | 1 Mar 2024 | 500 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[124] |
 Haiti |
Americas | Caribbean | 2,296 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,256 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[125] |
 Estonia |
Europe | Northern Europe | 2,065 | 1 Mar 2024 | 145 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[126] |
 Namibia |
Africa | Southern Africa | 2,019 | 1 Mar 2024 | 25 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[127] |
 Bahamas |
Americas | Caribbean | 1,758 | 1 Mar 2024 | 85 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[128] |
 Bolivia |
Americas | South America | 1,769 | 1 Mar 2024 | 471 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[129] |
 Madagascar |
Africa | Southern Africa | 1,620 | 19 Mar 2024 | 127 |
No gold reserves | 19 Mar 2024 | |
[130] |
 Montenegro |
Europe | Southern Europe | 1,558 | 1 Mar 2024 | 26 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[131] |
 Mauritania |
Africa | Southern Africa | 1,493 | 1 Mar 2024 | 37 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[132] |
 Tajikistan |
Asia | Central Asia | 1,482 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[133] |
 Rwanda |
Africa | East Africa | 1,458 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[134] |
 Zambia |
Africa | Southern Africa | 1,433 | 1 Mar 2024 | 16 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[135] |
 Guinea |
Africa | West Africa | 1,425 | 15 Mar 2024 | 33 |
No gold reserves | 15 Mar 2024 | |
[136] |
 Gabon |
Africa | Central Africa | 1,377 | 1 Mar 2024 | 90 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[137] |
 Cyprus |
Asia | West Asia | 1,271 | 1 Mar 2024 | 200 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[138] |
 Luxembourg |
Europe | Western Europe | 1,119 | 5 Mar 2024 | 34 |
No gold reserves | 5 Mar 2024 | |
[139] |
 Laos |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 1,099 | 1 Mar 2024 | 23 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[140] |
 Curaçao |
Americas | Caribbean | 1,080 | 20 Mar 2024 | 30 |
No gold reserves | 20 Mar 2024 | |
[141] |
 Fiji |
Oceania | Melanesia | 1,065 | 5 Mar 2024 | 22 |
No gold reserves | 5 Mar 2024 | |
[142] |
 Niger |
Africa | West Africa | 1,053 | 1 Mar 2024 | 24 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[143] |
 Aruba |
Americas | Caribbean | 1,017 | 15 Mar 2024 | 30 |
No gold reserves | 15 Mar 2024 | |
[144] |
 Bhutan |
Asia | South Asia | 972 | 10 Mar 2024 | 3 |
No gold reserves | 10 Mar 2024 | |
[145] |
 Kosovo |
Europe | Southern Europe | 950 | 1 Mar 2024 | 15 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[146] |
 Malta |
Europe | Southern Europe | 937 | 20 Mar 2024 | 9 |
No gold reserves | 20 Mar 2024 | |
[147] |
 Lesotho |
Africa | Southern Africa | 785 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[148] |
 Barbados |
Americas | Caribbean | 770 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[149] |
 Cape Verde |
Africa | West Africa | 712 | 1 Mar 2024 | 25 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[150] |
 San Marino |
Europe | Southern Europe | 716 | 1 Mar 2024 | 243 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[151] |
 Gambia |
Africa | West Africa | 698 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[152] |
 Palestine |
Asia | West Asia | 671 | 1 Mar 2024 | 12 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[153] |
 Timor-Leste |
Asia | Southeast Asia | 654 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[154] |
 Suriname |
Americas | South America | 647 | 8 Mar 2024 | 30 |
No gold reserves | 8 Mar 2024 | |
[155] |
 Sierra Leone |
Africa | West Africa | 624 | 2 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 2 Mar 2024 | |
[156] |
 Mali |
Africa | Southern Africa | 604 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[157] |
 Maldives |
Asia | South Asia | 588 | 1 Mar 2024 | 180 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[158] |
 Guyana |
Americas | South America | 553 | 10 Mar 2024 | 20 |
No gold reserves | 10 Mar 2024 | |
[159] |
 Solomon Islands |
Oceania | Melanesia | 551 | 8 Mar 2024 | 24 |
No gold reserves | 8 Mar 2024 | |
[160] |
 Seychelles |
Africa | Southern Africa | 546 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[161] |
 Vanuatu |
Oceania | Melanesia | 509 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[162] |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Africa | Southern Africa | 505 | 14 Mar 2024 | 160 |
No gold reserves | 14 Mar 2024 | |
[163] |
 Djibouti |
Africa | East Africa | 504 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[164] |
 Malawi |
Africa | East Africa | 488 | 1 Mar 2024 | 17 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[165] |
 Eswatini |
Africa | Southern Africa | 467 | 1 Mar 2024 | 27 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[166] |
 Republic of the Congo |
Africa | Central Africa | 443 | 1 Mar 2024 | 20 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[167] |
 Syria |
Asia | West Asia | 401 | 1 Mar 2024 | 16 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[168] |
 Federated States of Micronesia |
Oceania | Micronesia | 395 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[169] |
 Central African Republic |
Africa | Central Africa | 375 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[170] |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Americas | Caribbean | 365 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[171] |
 Liberia |
Africa | West Africa | 342 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[172] |
 Guinea-Bissau |
Africa | West Africa | 329 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[173] |
 Antigua and Barbuda |
Americas | Caribbean | 285 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[174] |
 Belize |
Americas | Central America | 281 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[175] |
 Saint Lucia |
Americas | Caribbean | 258 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[176] |
 Yemen |
Asia | West Asia | 250 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[177] |
 Grenada |
Americas | Caribbean | 247 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[178] |
 Tonga |
Oceania | Polynesia | 226 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[179] |
 Togo |
Africa | West Africa | 208 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[180] |
 Comoros |
Africa | East Africa | 197 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[181] |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Americas | Caribbean | 192 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[182] |
 Eritrea |
Africa | East Africa | 189 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[183] |
 Samoa |
Oceania | Polynesia | 188 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[184] |
 São Tomé and Príncipe |
Africa | Central Africa | 186 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[185] |
 Sudan |
Africa | East Africa | 172 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[186] |
 Dominica |
Americas | Caribbean | 168 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[187] |
 Senegal |
Africa | West Africa | 164 | 1 Mar 2024 | 12 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[188] |
 Zimbabwe |
Africa | Southern Africa | 159 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[189] |
 Chad |
Africa | Central Africa | 143 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[190] |
 Burundi |
Africa | Central Africa | 105 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[191] |
 South Sudan |
Africa | East Africa | 80 | 2 Mar 2024 | 7 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[192] |
 Benin |
Africa | West Africa | 69 | 1 Mar 2024 | 9 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[193] |
 Montserrat |
Americas | Caribbean | 54 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[194] |
 Equatorial Guinea |
Africa | Central Africa | 46 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[195] |
 Burkina Faso |
Africa | West Africa | 42 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[196] |
 Somalia |
Africa | East Africa | 37 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[197] |
 Kiribati |
Oceania | Micronesia | 8 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 |
No gold reserves | 1 Mar 2024 | |
[198] |
Timeline of the top 5 countries
[edit]The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week.[199][200]
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
- Switzerland
- China
- India
- Japan
- Russia
Historical forex reserves (including gold) of top 5 countries (Source: World Bank[201] )
- China - China has the largest reserve since last 14 years.[202][203] The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion. Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.
- Japan - Japanese has the second largest reserves in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.[204]
- Switzerland - Swiss has the third largest reserves in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss francs. After the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. To protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, the Swiss National Bank began intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015,[205] and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating.[206] As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.
- India- India has the world's fourth largest reserves. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.[207] During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation.[208] Since then the reserves have seen a 127 times increase over 30 years. In April 2024, Foreign-exchange reserves of India hit a fresh all-time high of $642.63 including 803.58 tons of gold reserves. Out of which 403.7 tons of golds is held with Bank of England and Bank for International Settlements, and rest is held domestically. It is done to provide a sense of security and to ensure diversification of risk by spreading gold holdings across multiple location.[209] In May 2024, India decided to move all of its gold holding with the Bank of England to its domestic vaults, the first batch of 100 metric tonnes of its gold was moved back to India on 31 May 2024. This decision was primally taken due to west's unexpected sections during Ukraine war on roughly $300 billion worth of Russian gold kept in various European countries, which caused a sense of insecurity within the Indian government & economy experts.[210][211]
- Russia - Russia has the world's fifth largest reserves; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21 May 2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion.[212] The first fall in reserves was due to the Great Recession, the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.
Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves
[edit]IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).[213] Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.[214]
| Foreign currencies' reserves | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 USD |
 EUR |
JPY |
GBP |
CAD |
RMB |
AUD |
 CHF |
Other currencies |
Unallocated reserves |
Total | |||
Time period
|
2019 | Q1 | 6,727.09 | 2,208.79 | 584.63 | 495.70 | 208.64 | 212.26 | 181.95 | 15.27 | 263.50 | 712.93 | 11,610.77 |
| Q2 | 6,752.28 | 2,264.88 | 611.87 | 497.41 | 209.85 | 212.80 | 186.71 | 15.53 | 270.56 | 715.88 | 11,737.76 | ||
| Q3 | 6,728.85 | 2,212.74 | 612.75 | 492.22 | 205.44 | 213.83 | 182.48 | 16.20 | 262.92 | 729.40 | 11,656.82 | ||
| Q4 | 6,674.83 | 2,279.30 | 631.00 | 511.51 | 206.71 | 215.81 | 187.18 | 17.36 | 281.50 | 749.55 | 11,824.74 | ||
| 2020 | Q1 | 6,794.91 | 2,197.30 | 624.97 | 486.08 | 195.13 | 221.48 | 170.16 | 16.05 | 255.53 | 770.32 | 11,731.94 | |
| Q2 | 6,902.01 | 2,272.44 | 643.70 | 504.36 | 215.47 | 233.68 | 190.34 | 17.22 | 278.67 | 754.11 | 12,011.98 | ||
| Q3 | 6,927.16 | 2,359.61 | 668.19 | 523.64 | 231.10 | 247.44 | 199.51 | 19.30 | 283.16 | 787.44 | 12,246.56 | ||
| Q4 | 6,990.97 | 2,526.41 | 715.35 | 561.39 | 246.57 | 271.60 | 216.87 | 20.74 | 314.63 | 841.14 | 12,705.67 | ||
| 2021 | Q1 | 6,971.79 | 2,404.80 | 686.30 | 554.28 | 250.01 | 293.32 | 214.89 | 19.44 | 335.82 | 851.50 | 12,582.14 | |
| Q2 | 7,070.33 | 2,458.88 | 672.20 | 560.90 | 270.01 | 314.81 | 218.44 | 23.13 | 357.57 | 865.83 | 12,812.12 | ||
| Q3 | 7,087.77 | 2,462.44 | 681.42 | 561.66 | 264.29 | 320.15 | 214.26 | 23.77 | 354.77 | 860.67 | 12,831.20 | ||
| Q4 | 7,087.14 | 2,486.88 | 671.77 | 576.22 | 286.93 | 336.10 | 218.02 | 24.51 | 362.96 | 886.73 | 12,937.27 | ||
| 2022 | Q1 | 6,868.97 | 2,328.35 | 626.44 | 569.45 | 286.02 | 330.03 | 221.91 | 29.48 | 387.80 | 858.65 | 12,507.09 | |
| Q2 | 6,645.02 | 2,187.63 | 572.65 | 538.73 | 275.75 | 308.22 | 209.14 | 27.63 | 358.62 | 858.26 | 11,981.65 | ||
| Q3 | 6,426.89 | 2,086.40 | 560.11 | 489.95 | 260.92 | 281.12 | 204.78 | 24.78 | 358.59 | 841.74 | 11,535.29 | ||
| Q4 | 6,460.21 | 2,252.06 | 608.17 | 543.11 | 262.62 | 287.81 | 217.08 | 25.31 | 383.64 | 877.79 | 11,917.81 | ||
| 2023 | Q1 | 6,630.89 | 2,186.33 | 610.39 | 605.02 | 270.60 | 287.12 | 221.62 | 28.26 | 389.07 | 877.53 | 12,029.03 | |
| Q2 | 6,641.89 | 2,207.25 | 597.15 | 533.64 | 278.51 | 272.99 | 219.70 | 21.26 | 403.72 | 887.06 | 12,055.26 | ||
| Q3 | 6,497.94 | 2,150.47 | 598.73 | 530.36 | 274.36 | 260.12 | 222.35 | 20.30 | 426.63 | 920.27 | 11,901.53 | ||
| Q4 | 6,687.11 | 2,287.57 | 652.90 | 553.91 | 295.25 | 261.73 | 241.78 | 26.38 | 442.77 | 883.06 | 12,332.46 | ||
| 2024 | Q1 | 6,774.82 | 2,253.79 | 654.52 | 562.48 | 295.64 | 247.10 | 248.42 | 21.93 | 439.56 | 885.35 | 12,383.61 | |
| Q2 | 6,675.82 | 2,265.29 | 641.07 | 565.92 | 306.85 | 245.17 | 256.45 | 22.43 | 486.89 | 881.90 | 12,347.42 | ||
| Q3 | |||||||||||||
| Q4 | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]- List of circulating currencies
- List of countries by gold holdings
- List of countries by GDP (nominal)
- List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
- List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
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External links
[edit]- IMF's Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries
- IMF's SDDS subscribers with links to their websites containing data on international reserves
- Central bank and monetary authority websites at the Bank for International Settlements website
- The World Bank is one of the world’s largest sources of funding for developing countries.