Arthur Hood, 1st Baron Hood of Avalon

The Lord Hood of Avalon
The Lord Hood of Avalon
	Lord Hood of Avalon
Born	14 July 1824; Bath, Somerset
Died	16 November 1901 (aged 77); Glastonbury, Somerset
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service / branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1836–1889
Rank	Admiral
Commands	First Naval Lord; Channel Fleet; HMS Monarch; HMS Excellent; HMS Pylades; HMS Acorn
Battles / wars	Oriental Crisis; Crimean War; Second Opium War
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; Order of the Medjidie, 5th Class (Ottoman Empire)

Admiral Arthur William Acland Hood, 1st Baron Hood of Avalon, GCB (14 July 1824 – 16 November 1901) was an officer of the Royal Navy. As a junior officer he took part in the capture of Acre during the Oriental Crisis in 1840 and went ashore with the naval brigade at the defence of Eupatoria in November 1854 during the Crimean War. He became First Naval Lord in June 1885 and in that role was primarily concerned with enshrining into law the recommendations contained in a report on the disposition of the ships of the Royal Navy many of which were unarmoured and together incapable of meeting the combined threat from any two of the other naval powers ("the Two-power Standard"): these recommendations were contained in the Naval Defence Act 1889.

Early career

Hood was born the younger son of Sir Alexander Hood, 2nd Baronet and Amelia Anne Hood (née Bateman).^[1] His grandfather, Captain Alexander Hood, had been killed in action during the French Revolutionary Wars; he fell whilst in command of HMS Mars, in action with the French 74-gun ship Hercule on 2 April 1798.^[1]

Hood entered the Royal Navy in 1836 and served on the north coast of Spain and afterwards on the coast of Syria taking part in the capture of Acre in November 1840 during the Oriental Crisis.^[1] After passing through the established course of gunnery on board HMS Excellent in 1844–1845, he went out to the Cape of Good Hope as gunnery mate of the fourth-rate HMS President, the flagship of Rear-Admiral Dacres, who promoted him to lieutenant on 9 January 1846.^[2]^[3] In January 1850 he transferred to the fourth-rate HMS Arethusa serving with her in the Channel Squadron, in the Mediterranean Fleet and then in the Black Sea: he went ashore with the naval brigade and took part in the defence of Eupatoria in November 1854 during the Crimean War.^[3] He was appointed to the Turkish Order of the Medjidie, 5th class for his services in the Crimea.^[4]

Promoted to commander on 27 November 1854 in recognition of his services at Eupatoria,^[5] Hood was given command of the brig HMS Acorn on the China Station in May 1856, and arrived in time to take part in the destruction of the junks in the Battle of Fatshan Creek in June 1857 and in the Battle of Canton in December 1857 during the Second Opium War.^[3]

Promoted to captain on 26 February 1858 in recognition of his services in China,^[6] Hood was given command of HMS Pylades on the North America and West Indies Station in December 1862 and then became captain of the gunnery school HMS Excellent as well as Director of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth in September 1866.^[3] He went on to be Director of Naval Ordnance at the Admiralty in 1869. He was thoroughly acquainted with the routine work of the office and the established armament of the navy, but he had not the power of adapting himself to the changes which were being called for, and still less of initiating them, so that during his period of office the armament of the ships remained behind the general advance.^[2] Nevertheless, having been appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 20 May 1871,^[7] he became captain of the turret ship HMS Monarch in the Channel Squadron in June 1874.^[3]

Senior command

HMS *Trafalgar*, a ship of the type which Hood favoured and which he was instrumental in delivering into service

Promoted to rear admiral on 22 March 1876,^[8] he became Second Naval Lord in January 1877 and then Commander-in-Chief of the Channel Squadron in December 1879 with promotion to vice admiral on 23 July 1880.^[9]

Hood was appointed First Naval Lord in June 1885, advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 19 December 1885 and promoted to full admiral on 18 January 1886.^[10] He stood down in March 1886, just nine months after taking office, when the Marquis of Ripon was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty but was restored to his position when William Gladstone's Liberal Government fell from power in August 1886.^[11] As First Naval Lord he favoured low freeboard turret battleships and was instrumental in ensuring the Trafalgar-class battleships entered service.^[1] However he was primarily concerned with enshrining into law the recommendations contained in a report on the disposition of the ships of the Royal Navy many of which were unarmoured and together incapable of meeting the combined threat from any two of the other naval powers ("the Two-power Standard"): these recommendations were contained in the Naval Defence Act 1889.^[1] He retired on attaining the age of sixty-five in July 1889.^[12]

Hood was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 3 September 1889^[13] and raised to the peerage as Baron Hood of Avalon, in the County of Somerset on 23 February 1892,^[14] a title that became extinct on his death.^[2] After two years of ill health,^[2] he died at his nephew's house in Glastonbury on 16 November 1901 and was buried at Butleigh in Somerset on 23 November 1901.^[1]

Family

In 1855 Hood married Fanny Henrietta, daughter of Sir Charles Maclean, 9th Baronet; they had two daughters.^[1] Emily born 1859 married the cricketer Francis MacKinnon; whilst his second child Fanny Sophia married Henry Allen in 1895.^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Arthur Hood, 1st Baron Hood of Avalon". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33966. Retrieved 26 December 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (Laughton 1911, p. 668)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "William Loney RN". Retrieved 26 December 2012.
^ "No. 22122". The London Gazette. 3 April 1858. p. 1736.
^ "No. 21656". The London Gazette. 30 January 1855. p. 352.
^ "No. 22104". The London Gazette. 26 February 1858. p. 1028.
^ "No. 23739". The London Gazette. 20 May 1871. p. 2473.
^ "No. 24309". The London Gazette. 28 March 1876. p. 2155.
^ "No. 24869". The London Gazette. 30 July 1880. p. 4211.
^ "No. 25551". The London Gazette. 22 January 1886. p. 329.
^ Heathcote 2002, p. 112.
^ "No. 25955". The London Gazette. 19 July 1889. p. 3895.
^ "No. 25970". The London Gazette. 3 September 1889. p. 4785.
^ "No. 26260". The London Gazette. 23 February 1892. p. 991.
^ Hesilrige 1921, p. 484.

Sources

Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. 160A, Fleet street, London, UK: Dean & Son. p. 484.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Laughton, John Knox (1911). "Hood of Avalon, Arthur William Acland Hood, Baron". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 668.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
William Loney RN Career History

Military offices
Preceded by Sir Geoffrey Hornby	Second Naval Lord 1877–1879	Succeeded by Earl of Clanwilliam
Preceded by Lord John Hay	Commander-in-Chief, Channel Fleet 1880–1882	Succeeded by Sir William Dowell
Preceded by Sir Astley Key	First Naval Lord 1885–1886	Succeeded by Lord John Hay
Preceded by Lord John Hay	First Naval Lord 1886–1889	Succeeded by Sir Richard Hamilton
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baron Hood of Avalon 1892–1901	Extinct

[odnb-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Arthur Hood, 1st Baron Hood of Avalon". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33966. Retrieved 26 December 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[EB1911-2] (Laughton 1911, p. 668)

[loney-3] "William Loney RN". Retrieved 26 December 2012.

[4] "No. 22122". The London Gazette. 3 April 1858. p. 1736.

[5] "No. 21656". The London Gazette. 30 January 1855. p. 352.

[6] "No. 22104". The London Gazette. 26 February 1858. p. 1028.

[7] "No. 23739". The London Gazette. 20 May 1871. p. 2473.

[8] "No. 24309". The London Gazette. 28 March 1876. p. 2155.

[9] "No. 24869". The London Gazette. 30 July 1880. p. 4211.

[10] "No. 25551". The London Gazette. 22 January 1886. p. 329.

[FOOTNOTEHeathcote2002112-11] Heathcote 2002, p. 112.

[12] "No. 25955". The London Gazette. 19 July 1889. p. 3895.

[13] "No. 25970". The London Gazette. 3 September 1889. p. 4785.

[14] "No. 26260". The London Gazette. 23 February 1892. p. 991.

[FOOTNOTEHesilrige1921484-15] Hesilrige 1921, p. 484.

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v t e First Sea Lords of the Royal Navy
Senior Naval Lords (1689–1771)	Arthur Herbert Sir John Chicheley Edward Russell Henry Priestman Earl of Orford Sir George Rooke Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Matthew Aylmer Sir George Byng Sir John Jennings Sir John Norris Sir Charles Wager Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Harry Powlett Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Vere Beauclerk Lord Anson Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen John Forbes Earl Howe Sir Charles Saunders Augustus Keppel Sir Peircy Brett Sir Francis Holburne
First Naval Lords (1771–1904)	Augustus Hervey Sir Hugh Palliser Robert Man George Darby Sir Robert Harland Sir Hugh Pigot John Leveson-Gower Lord Hood Sir Charles Middleton James Gambier Sir Thomas Troubridge James Gambier John Markham James Gambier Sir Richard Bickerton William Domett Sir Joseph Yorke Sir Graham Moore Sir William Johnstone Hope Sir George Cockburn Sir Thomas Hardy The Hon. George Dundas Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir William Parker Sir Charles Adam Sir James Dundas The Hon. Maurice Berkeley Hyde Parker The Hon. Maurice Berkeley The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas William Martin The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey Sir Alexander Milne Sir Sydney Dacres Sir Alexander Milne Sir Hastings Yelverton Sir George Wellesley Sir Astley Key Sir Arthur Hood Lord John Hay Sir Arthur Hood Sir Richard Hamilton Sir Anthony Hoskins Sir Frederick Richards Lord Walter Kerr
First Sea Lords (1904–present)	Sir John Fisher Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Francis Bridgeman Prince Louis of Battenberg The Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss The Earl Beatty Sir Charles Madden, Bt Sir Frederick Field The Lord Chatfield Sir Roger Backhouse Sir Dudley Pound The Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope Sir John Cunningham The Lord Fraser of North Cape Sir Rhoderick McGrigor The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Sir Charles Lambe Sir Caspar John Sir David Luce Sir Varyl Begg Sir Michael Le Fanu Sir Peter Hill-Norton Sir Michael Pollock Sir Edward Ashmore Sir Terence Lewin Sir Henry Leach Sir John Fieldhouse Sir William Staveley Sir Julian Oswald Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir Jock Slater Sir Michael Boyce Sir Nigel Essenhigh Sir Alan West Sir Jonathon Band Sir Mark Stanhope Sir George Zambellas Sir Philip Jones Sir Antony Radakin Sir Ben Key

Early career

Senior command

Family

See also

References

Sources