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Afro-American *Emphasis on percussion instrumentation and rhythm [ 8]
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Manuel, Peter (1995). Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae . Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1566393388. Manuel, Peter (1988). Popular Music Traditions of the Non-Western World . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195053341.
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pg. 7
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pgs. 7-8
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pg. 9
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pg. 10
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pg. 12
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pg. 13
^ Manuel, Caribbean Currents , pg. 15
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
^ Manuel, Popular Musics , pg. 25
African musical areas [ edit ] Main article: Music of Africa
Africa can be divided into music areas using several schemes. Geographically, one might distinguish between North Africa , with its Arab and Muslim musical influences, and Sub-Saharan Africa . Sub-Saharan Africa is furthermore frequently divided into regions like West Africa , Southern Africa , East Africa and Central Africa ; to some extent, these geographical regions correspond to music areas, however there is much variation within regions and similarities across borders.
Linguistically, African music can be divided along the basis of the lingua franca , the most commonly spoken second language among a group of people who otherwise do not speak the same tongue. The former Portuguese colonies, like Angola and Mozambique , can be grouped together, as can the numerous countries that emerged from French West Africa and other French colonial entities; English-speaking colonies like South Africa , Kenya and Nigeria can also be seen as sharing some characteristics. The other colonizing powers of Africa were Belgium (Congo ), Italy (Somalia ) and Germany (Botswana ), but they left comparatively little musical influence behind.
Certain musical instruments , like the balafon and kora , can also be used to demarcate African music areas.
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Characteristics
Scope
Americas
Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles - Bahamas - Barbados - Belize - Bermuda - Bolivia - Brazil - Canada - Cayman Islands - Chile - Colombia - Costa Rica - Cuba - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - El Salvador - Falkland Islands - French Guiana - Greenland - Grenada - Guatemala - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Jamaica - Martinique and Guadeloupe - Mexico - Montserrat - Nicaragua - Panama - Paraguay - Peru - Puerto Rico - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Suriname - Trinidad and Tobago - Turks and Caicos Islands - United States - Uruguay - Venezuela - Virgin Islands
Afro-American (Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Latin) [12]
African American - Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles - Bahamas - Barbados - Belize - Bermuda - Bolivia - Brazil - Cayman Islands - Chile - Colombia - Costa Rica - Creole (Louisiana) - Cuba - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - El Salvador - French Guiana - Garifuna - Grenada - Guatemala - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Jamaica - Latino-United States - Martinique and Guadeloupe - Mexico - Montserrat - Nicaragua - Panama - Paraguay - Peru - Puerto Rico - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Suriname - Tejano - Trinidad and Tobago - Turks and Caicos Islands - Uruguay - Venezuela - Virgin Islands
Central America [13]
Belize - Costa Rica - El Salvador - Garifuna - Guatemala - Honduras - Nicaragua - Panama
Latin America [14]
Argentina - Bolivia - Brazil - Chile - Colombia - Costa Rica - Creole (Louisiana) - Cuba - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - El Salvador - French Guiana - Garifuna - Guatemala - Haiti - Honduras - Latino-United States - Martinique and Guadeloupe - Mexico - Nicaragua - Panama - Paraguay - Peru - Puerto Rico - Tejano - Uruguay - Venezuela
Lesser Antilles [15] Folk music : presence of Big Drum dance and music; presence of steelpan , iron bands , tuk , scratch (fungi) bands , brass bands , jing ping and other folk ensembles, either acoustic percussion or string-based; celebrations of Carnival ; mostly Anglophone ; instrumental focus on drums, percussion and polyrhythms ; bawdy, uptempo vocal folk styles, e.g. calypso , bari , benna , tumba ; some Indo-Caribbean presence; some European dances remain in evolved form, e.g. quadrilles Popular music : mainstream presence of bouyon , cadence-lypso - calypso , kaseko , chutney , mini-jazz , soca , spouge and zouk ; historically influential styles include biguine ; influential imported styles include reggae , compas , cadence rampa , jazz , ragga and hip hop
Anguilla - Antigua and Barbuda - Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles - Barbados - Dominica - Grenada - Martinique and Guadeloupe - Montserrat - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Trinidad and Tobago - Virgin Islands
Marimba music area [16] File:Ym6000a marimba.JPG modern marimba
Belize - Costa Rica - Ecuador - Guatemala - Honduras - Nicaragua - Southern Mexico
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Interregional music areas [ edit ] 
