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Zond 3

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Zond 3
Mission typeLunar science
OperatorOKB-1
COSPAR ID1965-056A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.01454
Mission duration228 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type3MV-4
ManufacturerOKB-1
Launch mass950 kg (2,090 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch dateJuly 18, 1965, 14:32 (1965-07-18UTC14:32) UTC[1]
RocketMolniya SL-6/A-2-e
Launch siteBaikonur LC-1/5
End of mission
Last contactMarch 3, 1966 (1966-03-04)[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemHeliocentric
Eccentricity0.2683
Perihelion altitude0.9 AU (130 million km)
Aphelion altitude1.56 AU (233 million km)
Inclination0.5°
Period500 days
EpochJuly 19, 1965, 20:00 UTC[3]
Flyby of Moon
Closest approachJuly 20, 1965
Distance9,219 km (5,728 mi)
← Zond 2
None →

Zond 3 was a 1965 space probe which performed a flyby of the Moon's far side,[4] taking 28 quality photographs. It was a member of the Soviet Zond program while also being part of the Mars 3MV project. It was unrelated to Zond spacecraft designed for crewed circumlunar missions (Soyuz 7K-L1). It is believed that Zond 3 was initially designed as a companion spacecraft to Zond 2 to be launched to Mars during the 1964 launch window. The opportunity to launch was missed, and the spacecraft was launched on a Mars-crossing trajectory as a spacecraft test, even though Mars was no longer attainable.

Spacecraft design

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The spacecraft was of the 3MV-4 type, similar to Zond 2.[2] In addition to a 106.4 mm focal length f/8 imaging system for visible light photography and ultraviolet spectrometry at 285-355 μm, it carried ultraviolet (190-275 μm) and infrared (3-4 μm) spectrophotometers, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), charged particle detector, magnetometer, and micrometeoroid detector.[2][5] It also had an experimental ion engine.

Operational history

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Zond 3 was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on July 18, 1965, at 14:38 UTC, and was deployed from a Tyazhely Sputnik (65-056B) Earth-orbiting platform towards the Moon and interplanetary space. This was a repeat of a mission that failed in late 1963 intended to test communication at distances equivalent to the distances experienced by Mars and Earth.[6]

Zond 3's lunar flyby occurred on July 20 with a closest approach of 9,219 km (5,728 mi),[2] approximately 35 hours after launch. 25 visible light photographs and 3 ultraviolet spectra of very good quality were taken of the lunar surface, beginning at 01:24 UTC and 11,570 km (7,190 mi) prior to closest approach and ending at 02:32 UTC and 9,960 km (6,190 mi) past closest approach, covering a period of 68 minutes.[2][7] The photos covered 19 million km2 (7.3 million sq mi) of the lunar surface.[8]

Zond 3 proceeded on a trajectory across Mars' orbit, but not at a time when planetary encounter would occur. These images were transmitted by radio frequency on July 29 at a distance of 2.25 million km (1.40 million mi). To test telemetry, the camera film was rewound and retransmitted in mid-August, mid-September, and finally on October 23 at a distance of 31.5 million km (19.6 million mi), thus proving the ability of the communications system.[2] The subsequent transmissions were also at progressively slower data rates but higher quality.[6] The mission was ended after radio contact ceased on March 3, 1966, when it was at a distance of 153.5 million km (95.4 million mi).[2][5] It operated for 228 days, roughly equivalent to the time needed to survive a journey to Mars and exceeding that needed for Venus.[2]

Legacy

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In 1967, the second part of the Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon was published in Moscow,[9][10] based on data from Zond 3, with the catalog now including 4,000 newly discovered features of the lunar far side landscape. [11] In the same year, the first Complete Map of the Moon (1:5000000 scale[12]) and updated complete globe (1:10000000 scale), featuring 95 percent of the lunar surface,[12] were released in the Soviet Union.[13][14]

References

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  1. ^ a b Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF) (second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h LePage, Andrew J. (July 27, 2015). "The mission of Zond 3". The Space Review.
  3. ^ "Zond 3 – Trajectory Details". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  4. ^ Harvey, Brian (August 17, 2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-387-73976-2.
  5. ^ a b Huntress, Wesley T. Jr.; Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 130–132. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7898-1. ISBN 978-1-4419-7897-4.
  6. ^ a b Teitel, Amy Shira (July 18, 2013). "Zond 3: First to See Moon's Far Side on the Way to Mars". Discovery News. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
  7. ^ Siddiqi, Asif A. (June 2002). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History. Vol. 24. NASA. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-16-067405-0. SP-2002-4524.
  8. ^ "Zond 3 - Details". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  9. ^ Atlas Obratnoy Storony Luny, p.2, Moscow: Nauka, 1967
  10. ^ "Observing the Moon Throughout History". Adler Planetarium. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  11. ^ Луна (спутник Земли), Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  12. ^ a b (in Russian) Moon maps and globes, created with the participation of Lunar and Planetary Research Department of SAI. SAI
  13. ^ "Works of the Department of lunar and planetary research of GAISh MGU". selena.sai.msu.ru.
  14. ^ (in Russian) Moon Maps. MSU
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Preceded by
Zond 2 		Zond program Succeeded by
None

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