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Foreign relations of Namibia

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Politics of Namibia
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Foreign relations

Namibia follows a largely independent foreign policy, with strong affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including Nigeria, Libya, and Cuba.

In Africa, Namibia has been involved in conflicts in neighbouring Angola as well as Democratic Republic of the Congo.

International organizations

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Namibia is a member of 47 international organizations. These are:[1]

United Nations

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Namibian ambassador to Brazil, Hopelong Ushona Ipinge (left) with President of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva at Palácio do Planalto, Brasília in 2006

Namibia became the 160th member of the United Nations on 23 April 1990 upon independence.[1]

International disputes

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Namibia is involved in several minor international disputes.[1]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Namibia maintains diplomatic relations with:[2][3]

# Country Date
1  Algeria 21 March 1990
2  Brazil 21 March 1990[4]
3  Canada 21 March 1990[5]
4  Germany 21 March 1990[6]
5  Ghana 21 March 1990
6  Finland 21 March 1990
7  Iran 21 March 1990
8  Japan 21 March 1990
9  Kenya 21 March 1990[7]
10  Malawi 21 March 1990
11  Malaysia 21 March 1990
12  North Korea 21 March 1990
13  Norway 21 March 1990[8]
14  Poland 21 March 1990[9]
15  Romania 21 March 1990
16  Russia 21 March 1990
17  Serbia 21 March 1990
18  South Africa 21 March 1990[10]
19  South Korea 21 March 1990[6]
20  Spain 21 March 1990[11]
21  Sweden 21 March 1990
22  United Kingdom 21 March 1990
23  United States 21 March 1990
24  Zimbabwe 21 March 1990[12]
25  China 22 March 1990
26  Hungary 22 March 1990
27  Pakistan 22 March 1990[13]
28  Republic of the Congo 23 March 1990
29  Morocco 23 March 1990[14]
30  Tunisia 23 March 1990[15]
31  Vanuatu 23 March 1990[16]
32  Kuwait 27 March 1990[17]
33  Turkey 27 March 1990[18]
34  Nigeria 28 March 1990
35  Cuba 2 April 1990
36  Barbados 6 April 1990
37  Lesotho 11 April 1990[19]
38  Venezuela 12 April 1990
39  Mexico 17 April 1990[20]
40  Senegal 18 April 1990[21]
41  Italy 20 April 1990
42   Switzerland 22 April 1990
43  Netherlands 23 April 1990[22]
44  Colombia 28 April 1990
45  Liberia 28 April 1990[23]
46  Papua New Guinea 30 April 1990
47  France 3 May 1990[24]
48  Libya 8 May 1990[25]
49  Egypt 20 May 1990
50  Bulgaria 6 June 1990
51  Iraq 3 July 1990[26]
52  Cameroon 10 July 1990[27]
53  Peru 11 July 1990
54  Ecuador 12 July 1990
55  Maldives 25 July 1990
56  Botswana 26 July 1990
57  Argentina 31 July 1990
58  Albania 2 August 1990
59  Greece 9 August 1990
60  Benin 13 August 1990
61  Jamaica 28 August 1990
62  Angola 18 September 1990[28]
63  Belgium 21 September 1990
64  Democratic Republic of the Congo October 1990[29]
65  Afghanistan 3 October 1990
66  Austria 5 October 1990
67  Chile 15 October 1990
68  Mongolia 30 October 1990
69  Thailand 6 November 1990
70  Sudan 8 November 1990[30]
71  Suriname 15 November 1990
72  Zambia 26 November 1990
73  Yemen 26 November 1990[31]
74  Iceland 10 December 1990
75  India 19 December 1990
76  Rwanda 21 December 1990
77  Denmark 1990[32]
78  Ethiopia 1990[33]
79  Tanzania 1990[34]
80  New Zealand 23 January 1991[35]
81  Vietnam 1 February 1991
—  State of Palestine 2 May 1991[36]
82  Indonesia 13 May 1991[37]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 21 May 1991
83  Portugal 22 November 1991[38]
84  Seychelles 9 December 1991[39]
85  Eswatini 28 February 1992
86  Ukraine 5 October 1992[40]
87  Ivory Coast 3 December 1992
88  Gabon 1990–1992[41]
89  Gambia 1990–1992[41]
90  Uganda 1990–1992[41]
91  Czech Republic 1 January 1993
92  Guatemala 19 February 1993
93  Eritrea 28 January 1994[42]
94  Israel 11 February 1994
95  Slovenia 24 March 1994[43]
96  Australia 8 June 1994[44]
97  Uruguay 13 September 1994[45]
98  Guyana 3 November 1994
99  Singapore 9 November 1994[46]
100  Trinidad and Tobago 1 December 1994
101  Ireland 1994[47]
—  Holy See 12 September 1995[48]
102  Bosnia and Herzegovina 19 October 1995[49]
103  Philippines 17 May 1996[50]
104  Brunei 27 June 1996
105  United Arab Emirates 22 July 1996
106  Cape Verde 21 August 1996[51]
107  Qatar 16 October 1996
108  Dominican Republic 7 February 1997
109  Slovakia 9 November 1997[52]
110  Latvia 11 April 1997[53]
111  Bangladesh 16 July 1997[44]
112  Mauritius 16 July 1997[44]
113  Croatia 22 June 1998
114  Sri Lanka 8 April 1999[54]
115  Uzbekistan 30 August 1999[55]
116  Kyrgyzstan 29 November 2000
117  Belarus 21 December 2000[56]
118  Panama April 2000[57]
119  Guinea 18 September 2002[58]
120  Sierra Leone 18 September 2002[58]
121  East Timor 1 October 2003
122  Estonia 26 May 2004[59]
123  Mali 27 October 2004[58]
124  Malta 9 December 2004[60]
125  Madagascar 13 July 2005[58]
126  Lithuania 22 December 2005[61]
127  Paraguay 17 April 2006[62]
128  Armenia 2 October 2006[63]
129  Cyprus 4 September 2007[64]
130  Luxembourg 20 September 2007[65]
131  Bahamas 15 May 2008[66]
132  El Salvador 5 August 2008[67]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 31 March 2009[68]
133  Montenegro 16 November 2009
134  Burundi 23 April 2010
135  Cambodia 25 June 2010
136  Mauritania 29 September 2010[69]
137  Togo 24 November 2010[69]
138  South Sudan 12 July 2011[70]
139  Equatorial Guinea 3 August 2011[69]
140  North Macedonia 21 December 2011
141  Niger 26 March 2014[71]
142  Burkina Faso 23 July 2014[72]
143  Kazakhstan 7 October 2014[73]
144  Haiti 24 October 2014[74]
145  Costa Rica 12 December 2014[75]
146  Saudi Arabia 29 July 2015
147  Georgia 5 November 2015
148  Central African Republic 21 July 2016[76]
149  Chad 25 October 2016[77]
150  Djibouti 15 May 2017[78]
151  Oman 27 February 2018
152  São Tomé and Príncipe 14 September 2018[79]
153  Monaco 12 September 2019
154  Nicaragua 16 October 2019[80]
155  Azerbaijan 17 October 2019[81]
156  Saint Lucia 29 October 2019
157  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5 December 2019[82]
158  Liechtenstein 22 September 2021[83]
159  Comoros 20 October 2021[84]
160  Guinea-Bissau 8 December 2023[85]
161  Belize 24 September 2024[86]
162  Andorra 25 September 2024[87]
163  Bahrain 26 September 2024[88]
164  Tajikistan 26 September 2024[89]
165  Lebanon Unknown
166  Moldova Unknown[90]
167  Mozambique Unknown
168  Somalia Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Africa

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Angola See Angola–Namibia relations

In 1999 Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with its northern neighbour Angola. This affected the Angolan Civil War that has been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling party SWAPO wanted to support the ruling party MPLA in Angola to fight the rebel movement UNITA, whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking UNITA.

The alliance between SWAPO and MPLA has deep roots and began as both Angola's and Namibia's ruling parties sought independence during the mid twentieth century and into the Angolan Civil War. In Angola, the leftist movement MPLA was fighting the rightist movement UNITA, which was supported by South Africa. In Namibia, SWAPO, then being a rebel movement, was fighting for independence from South Africa along the Angolan border. Angola allowed SWAPO to establish training and refugee camps for Namibians and PLAN (People's Liberation Army of Namibia) fighters. As MPLA and SWAPO shared a common ideological ground, and had a common enemy in South Africa, they came to cooperate.

The Angolan civil war resulted in a large number of Angolan refugees coming to Namibia. At its peak in 2001 there were over 30,000 Angolan refugees in Namibia. The calmer situation in Angola has made it possible for many of them to return to their home with the help of UNHCR, and in 2004 only 12,600 remained in Namibia. [91] Most of them reside in the refugee camp Osire north of Windhoek.

 Botswana See Botswana–Namibia relations

Botswana–Namibia relations are friendly, with the two neighbouring countries cooperating on economic development. Botswana gained independence from Britain in September 1966. Namibia gained independence from South Africa in 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence.

  • Botswana has a High Commission in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has a High Commission in Gaborone.
 Eswatini 28 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 February 1992[92]
  • Eswatini is accredited to Namibia from its High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Eswatini from its High Commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Ethiopia

During the South African occupation of Namibia, Ethiopia was one of the country's leading proponents abroad; Ethiopia and Liberia were the first two states to bring the question of independence for then South West Africa to the United Nations.[93]

In 2007, the two governments signed an agreement which expanded air travel between the two states.[94] In December 2009, Namibia's Foreign Minister, Marko Hausiku met with Ethiopian Foreign Affairs Minister Seyoum Mesfin and noted the economic, science, technical and cultural agreements in place between the two countries and expressed a desire to improve the trade relations.[95]

  • Ethiopia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Liberia

In 1960, Liberia and Ethiopia brought litigation against apartheid South Africa in the International Court of Justice to end its occupation of Namibia.[96] As part of Liberia's support for Namibia's liberation struggle, many Namibian students received Liberian passports which helped them study abroad.

As of July 2008, a total of 5,900 Namibia Defence Force troops had been rotated through Liberia as part of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.[97] Namibia maintained a battalion of about 800 personnel in Grand Cape Mount county for several years, for most of the period part of UNMIL Sector 2, headquartered at Tubmanburg. In May 2005, Namibian troops were accused of sexual exploitation of young girls and women; three Namibian soldiers were sent home from the force after a United Nations investigation found them guilty of "engaging in sexual activity with civilians", which is against United Nations rules for peacekeepers.[98]

  • Liberia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Liberia from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Nigeria 21 March 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1990[99]

Namibia and Nigeria have binding bilateral agreements, but as of 2014, trade between the two countries was low. In March 2014, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan visited Namibia for Namibia's 24th independence day celebrations. The two countries also discussed establishing an oil refinery in Namibia for Nigerian oil.[100]

  • Namibia has a high commission in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Windhoek.
 South Africa See Namibia–South Africa relations

Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's.[101] To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely contacted to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions.[102] The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia, while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa and the currencies are traded on par locally.

  • Namibia has a high commission in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
  • South Africa has a high commission in Windhoek.
 Zambia 5 August 1990 See Namibia–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990[103]

  • Namibia has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Windhoek.
 Zimbabwe See Namibia–Zimbabwe relations

The ruling parties of Namibia (since independence in 1990) and Zimbabwe (since independence in 1980) have been close since pre-independence days, as both were anti-colonial movements against white-minority governments.[104] Namibia sent troops in the Namibia Defence Force to the Democratic Republic of the Congo alongside Zimbabwe in a SADC coalition to support President Joseph Kabila.[105]

  • Namibia has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Windhoek.

Americas

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Brazil 1990 See Brazil–Namibia relations
 Canada See Canada–Namibia relations

Canada's relationship with Namibia began in 1977 when Canada joined the Western Contact Group, a joint diplomatic effort of France, United Kingdom, United States, Canada and West Germany to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. In 1990 official relations started; Canada has dispatched an Honorary Consul to Windhoek.[106]

Canada is one of the main destinations for Namibian refugees. Together with Botswana and Denmark, Canada has been granting asylum to people fleeing Namibia in the aftermath of the Caprivi conflict, and particularly the Caprivi treason trial that followed in which the Namibian government was accused of human rights violations.[107] Only in 2010 Canada has changed its standpoint and is now considering the CLA to be a terrorist organisation that has "attempted to usurp an elected government". Nonetheless, Canada received a steady inflow of Namibian immigrants who seek economic betterment under the pretense of humiliation and harassment in Namibia. In 2011 more than 1,000 Namibians entered Canada. Three-quarters of them applied for refugee status, but only a few were successful.[108]

  • Canada is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Cuba See Cuba–Namibia relations

Cuban-Namibian relations date back to the Namibian War of Independence when Cuba politically, militarily and diplomatically supported the Namibian rebel organization and future ruling party, South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) against the military of Apartheid South Africa.[109]

Since independence, Namibia and Cuba have held joint meetings every two years for Economic, Scientific-Technical and Commercial Cooperation. In 2005, it was reported that 1,460 Cuban professionals had worked in Namibia, including 208 in 2005.[109]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Havana.
 Mexico 17 April 1990 See Mexico–Namibia relations

Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with Namibia on 17 April 1990. In 1993, Mexico opened an embassy in Windhoek, however, the embassy was closed in 2002.[110]

  • Mexico is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[111]
  • Namibia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[112]
 United States See Namibia–United States relations

U.S.-Namibian relations are good and continue to improve. Characterized by shared democratic values, commitment to rule of law, and respect for human rights, the bilateral relationship has been strengthened through trade ties and U.S. assistance programs. Namibia has seized opportunities created by AGOA. Currently the SACU countries and the U.S. are negotiating a Trade, Investment and Development Cooperation Agreement, scheduled to be signed in 2008. Namibia has been included in President Bush's International Mother and Child HIV Initiative and the Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. The U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) bilateral presence in Namibia has been extended until 2010. In addition to the embassy, the Centers for Disease Control, Peace Corps, and the United States Department of Defense have offices in Windhoek.

  • Namibia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Windhoek.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 China See China–Namibia relations

Governmental relations were first established the day after Namibia's independence, but relations with Namibian independence movements date back to the 1960s.[113] China and Namibia have developed close economic relations, with trade increasing twofold between the two countries from 2003 to 2006. During a February 2007 visit, Chinese President Hu Jintao pledged Namibia "RMB 1 billion of concessional loans, 100 million US dollars of preferential export buyer's credit, RMB 30 million yuan of grants and RMB 30 million of interest-free loans..."[113]

 India See India–Namibia relations

Relations began between SWAPO and the Indian government prior to independence. In 2010, relations were described by Indian officials as "warm and cordial". India has been involved in training the Namibian Air Force and bilateral trade in 2008–09 stood at $80 million.[114]

 Indonesia See Indonesia–Namibia relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia is accredited to Indonesia from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
 Israel See Israel–Namibia relations
  • Israel is accredited to Namibia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Jerusalem.
  • Namibia is accredited to Israel from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
 Japan See Japan–Namibia relations

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Namibia were established in March 1990.

  • Japan has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Malaysia See Malaysia–Namibia relations

Both countries were once part of the British Empire and before Namibia achieved its independence, Malaysia has contributed to some operations in Namibia by sending a group of soldiers to help monitor the Namibian elections and peace process.[117] Today, the relations are much more focused in economic cooperation.

  • Malaysia has a high commission in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.
 Turkey 1966[118] See Namibia–Turkey relations
  • Namibia is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek.[118]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$11.84 million in 2019 (Namibian exports/imports: 2.44/9.40 million USD).[118]

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Finland See Finland–Namibia relations

Finland recognised Namibia on 21 March 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day, and Namibia was represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Since 2015 Namibia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.[119]

Finland has stated it is a staunch supporter of Namibian independence.[120] The Finnish Government has provided assistance in the sectors of forestry, water, environment and health.[121] Namibia's exports to Finland increased from N$810 million in 2004 to over N$1 billion (approximately 90 million EUR) in 2007.[122]

In June 2008, Prime Minister of Namibia Nahas Angula visited Finland.[123]

  • Finland has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Helsinki.
 France
  • France has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Paris.
 Germany See Germany–Namibia relations

First contacts between people of the two countries took place when German missionaries were hired by the London Missionary Society to commence working in Southern Namibia during the late 18th and early 19th century.[124] In the 1880s the German Empire came to what is now Namibia as a colonizing power, creating German South-West Africa. The German colonial rule was marked by tensions and led to the genocide of the Herero and Namaqua people from 1904 to 1907, which resulted in the deaths of 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population). The colony was ruled by Germany until 1915 when it was conquered by troops from the Union of South Africa.

During South African rule, German was one of the three official languages of Namibia, the others being Afrikaans and English. Likewise during Apartheid rule, West Germany maintained a consulate in Windhoek despite United Nations resolutions calling for the isolation of South Africa.

Namibian independence in 1990 coincided with German reunification, resulting in an initially slow development of diplomatic relations. However, in both 1989 and 2004 the German government acknowledged its responsibility for Namibia as a priority partner country.[125] Since then German Development minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul visited Namibia, asking the country for forgiveness of the past.[126] Today, not least due to substantially improved co-operation and exchange, as well as by fate of the permanent presence of the "German tribe in Namibia", the two countries have mostly learnt to a new dialogue, which at times also still stagnates.

  • Germany has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Berlin.
 North Macedonia

On 21 December 2011 North Macedonia and Namibia established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level when the Ambassadors of both countries to the UN, Pajo Avirovic and Wilfried Emvula respectively, signed the joint communiqué. With the establishment of diplomatic relations, Namibia recognised Macedonia under its constitutional name the 'Republic of Macedonia' as opposed to its provisional name the 'former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'; in doing so Namibia became the 133 country to recognise Macedonia's constitutional name.[127]

  • North Macedonia does not have an accreditation to Namibia.
  • Namibia is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
 Poland See Namibia–Poland relations
  • Namibia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, and there is an honorary consulate of Namibia in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria.
 Portugal
  • Namibia is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Windhoek.
 Russia See Namibia–Russia relations

Relations between Namibia and Russia were considered "excellent" in 2006 by then-Namibian Minister of Education Nangolo Mbumba, while Russia expressed a desire for even stronger relations, particularly in the economic field. Also in 2006, the Namibia-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation was officially opened during a visit by Russian Natural Resources Minister Yuri Trutnev to Windhoek. During said visit, the Minister said Russia was interested in investing in oil, hydro-electric power and tourism.[128] In 2007, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov held discussions with Namibian Deputy Prime Minister Nahas Angula and President Hifikepunye Pohamba in regards to the possibility of developing Namibia's significant uranium deposits with an aim towards creating a nuclear power plant in the country.[129] In 2008, Trutnev returned to Namibia, this time to Swakopmund, to meet at the third annual Intergovernmental Commission. Top foreign ministry official Marco Hausiku and his deputy Lempy Lucas represented Namibia in discussions with Trutnev.[130]

  • Namibia has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Windhoek.
 Serbia 1990

Diplomatic relations between Namibia and Serbia were officially established in 1990.[131] Serbia, then part of Yugoslavia, provided education, training, and financial support for SWAPO members during the entirety of the South African Border War, and the two countries have shared close relations ever since.[132] During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Namibia, which was then on the UN Security Council, voted with Russia and China for an immediate cessation of NATO attacks. Namibia also strongly supports the Serbian position on the Kosovo dispute.[133]

  • Namibia is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Serbia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Spain See Namibia–Spain relations
  • Namibia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain has an embassy in Windhoek.
 Sweden See Namibia–Sweden relations
  • Namibia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  Switzerland
  • Namibia has an embassy in Geneva.
  • Switzerland is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Windhoek.
 United Kingdom 1990 See Namibia–United Kingdom relations

Namibia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1990.

Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization, as well as the SACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[135]

  • Namibia has a high commission in London.
  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Windhoek.

Namibia and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

Namibia has been a Commonwealth republic since 1990, when South West Africa became independent of South Africa.

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "CIA – The World Factbook – Namibia". CIA. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
  2. ^ Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state" (PDF). pp. 254–259. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Namibia and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  4. ^ Resenha de política exterior do Brasil (in Portuguese). Ministério das Relações Exteriores. 1990. p. 96.
  5. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. 1999. p. 302.
  7. ^ FBIS Daily Report Africa Sub-Sahara. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1990. p. 14. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  8. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Namibia". Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  10. ^ "Namibia (Republic of)". Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  11. ^ "Real Decreto 373/1990, de 16 de marzo, por el que se crea la Misión Diplomática Permanente de España en Namibia". Boletin Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 20 March 1990. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  12. ^ Statements by the President of the Republic of Namibia, H.E. Hifikepunye Pohamba, 21 March 2005 - 31 December 2009. 2012. p. 60.
  13. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Part III. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1990. pp. A-25.
  14. ^ "Namibie" (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1990/2 (N°128)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 72. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). mfaicet.gov.vu. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  17. ^ "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1990/2 (N°128)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 61. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  18. ^ The Diplomatic Pulse, Issues 416-431. Vedat Uras, 1990. p. 3.
  19. ^ Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook. 2002. p. 1027.
  20. ^ "Republica de Namibia - Ficha país" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  21. ^ Notes d'information et statistiques (in French). Vol. 395–399. 1990. p. 2.
  22. ^ "Ambassador of Namibia presents credentials to the Netherlands and Luxembourg". 2 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  23. ^ FBIS Daily Report Africa Sub-Sahara. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 2 May 1990. p. 73. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  24. ^ "Lisete Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF) (in French). p. 82. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  25. ^ African Defence Journal Issues 113-124. The Journal. 1990. p. 27.
  26. ^ Daily Report, Near East & South Asia: Index. Vol. 4/2. Newsbank. 1992. p. 908.
  27. ^ African Defence Journal - Issues 113-124. The Journal. 1990. p. 18.
  28. ^ "Relação Diplomática na Namíbia" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
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