University of the Third Age

The University of the Third Age (U3A) is an international movement whose aims are the education and stimulation of mainly retired members of the community — those in their third 'age' of life.

There is no universally accepted model for the U3A. Its original conception in France as an extramural university activity was significantly modified in the United Kingdom where it was recognised that most people of retirement age have something to contribute and the emphasis has been on sharing, without formal educational links.

Many English-speaking countries have followed this geragogic model, whereas continental European countries have mostly followed the French model.

A British U3A website reports this about "The Third Age" membership eligibility: "The 'third age' is defined by a time in your life (not necessarily chronological) where you have the opportunity to undertake learning for its own sake. There is no minimum age, but a focus on people who are no longer in full-time employment or raising a family."

History

France

U3A started in France at the Faculty of Social Sciences in Toulouse in 1973. It was started by Prof. Pierre Vellas. In France, each University of the Third Age University group is mostly associated with a local university. This academic model is used in many other countries, in particular in continental Europe. The university affiliation generates various opportunities such as highly qualified teaching personnel, a variety of subject choices, opportunity for students and faculty to conduct research based on the professional, cultural or historical experiences of the elderly, etc. U3As do not issue diplomas but rather certificates and teach in many fields according to the interests of the groups of older students (usually 55+) such as computer skills, languages, entrepreneurship, hereditary law, religion, politics, etc. Sometimes U3As provide groups with vocational training and formal continuous education opportunities.

In the 1990s the concept was broadened in France to the notion of the University of All Ages (UTA - université tous âges) or University of Free Time (UTL - université du temps libre). The UFUTA changed its name to Union Française des Universités de Tous Ages (retaining the acronym). Some French university departments have adopted the title of Université du Temps Libre.

AIUTA (Association Internationale des Universités du Troisième Âge) is the global international organization and network of Universities of the Third Age, including such institutions from most continental European countries, Central and East Europe, China, Russia, Latin America, etc., including Mauritius and other destinations.

United Kingdom

Carrick, Cornwall U3A walking group on a scenic walk.

Growth in membership of U3A in UK

In 1981, the concept reached the United Kingdom, where its nature was radically changed to be more a self-help organisation under the influence of its founders, Peter Laslett, Michael Young and Eric Midwinter.

The UK network comprises in excess of 1,000 groups, in towns and cities; as of January 2020 total membership exceeded 450,000.

Each U3A is formally structured as an independent self-financing and self-managing charity with links to the Third Age Trust, a national coordinating body. Each individual U3A comprises a number of activity groups which may cover a wide range of different topics - e.g. arts, languages, physical activity, discussion, and games. Most U3A's are centred on a particular town or region and their activity groups meet in a hired hall or small groups meet in a member's house. Although primarily for the retired, many U3As open their membership to any people not in full-time employment.

In 2009 the Virtual University of the Third Age (vU3A) was launched with the intention of offering the same friendship, support and learning enjoyed by off-line groups. vU3A is affiliated to the Third Age Trust in the UK. vU3A is open to anyone, in particular those who, by circumstances of isolation, health problems or other restrictions, cannot get to a U3A group.

Some groups in other countries affiliate to the Third Age Trust. For example, in Cyprus there are C3A (Cyprus Third Age) and P3A (Paphos Third Age).

Central and Eastern Europe

Some Central (and Eastern) European countries were introduced to the U3A quite early: Poland, Czech Republic (formerly part of Czechoslovakia) and Slovenia. The Slovenian University of the Third Age was started by two university professors in 1984 and has developed into a network of 40 universities over the entire country. The Italian University of the Third Age is called Università delle Tre Età (UNITRE) with several locations in the country. "UNITRE Milano", the university of the third age in Milan, provides courses as well as educational content such as on line courses and peer-reviewed journal articles.

There is an online University of the Third Age in Russia.

Spain

With a large numbers of immigrants (aka expats) from the UK, the U3A is well represented in Spain. Most groups are centred around coastal areas known for english speaking populations.

Each U3A operates independently, as there is not a single organisation overseeing U3A in Spain. Each U3A usually offer a range of special interest groups to members.

Australia

U3A began in Australia in 1984 and as of 2023, has grown to 250 U3As with approximately 100,000 members. These are based in metropolitan, regional and rural areas, and follow the British self-help model of teaching and learning over a wide range of subject areas, dependent upon the membership's own expertise, knowledge and skills.

Each U3A operates independently and takes the needs and interests of their members into consideration when deciding which classes/activities they will offer. U3As offer membership at very low cost so that anyone in their third age (nearing retirement and beyond) can become a member. Each U3A is also a member of a state/territory Network (where available), and can share ideas/tutors and resources.

U3AA (U3A Australia) is the national body formed by state networks to support all U3As in their state or territory with a range of resources.

Canada

The Third Age Network (TAN) is active in Canada, however currently only within the province of Ontario. The head office is located at the G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education at Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto. The network started in 2007 and has grown to 21 groups by 2018. Simon Fraser University was the first university in North America to create a series of courses for seniors at the post-secondary level. Its mandate was to provide educational programs for older adults that were responsive to their psychological and physiological characteristics.

The Third Age Mission: "To foster Third Age Learning and share issues and solutions to common organizational challenges. We do this by promoting the establishment of organizations that provide opportunities for older adults to learn in a friendly, social setting and by supporting adult learning organizations in this process by sharing strategies and techniques to accomplish this goal."

TAN runs a newsletter and hosts organization-wide symposiums and forums. It also provides support to local groups with things like information on speakers, networking with colleagues, data on member operations, including honoraria paid to speakers, board make up, rental costs, affordable group insurance, a regular newsletter, conferences and workshop, guidance for creating a website, internal and external communication.

Türkiye

Ege 3rd University (U3A) is a social responsibility project initiated in 2016 at Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Geriatrics in Izmir.

Ege U3A is a multidisciplinary approach that aims to be active and healthy and uses the "lifelong learning" model to achieve this goal. The curriculum, which is prepared as theoretical and practical courses, provides older adults with information about their own needs and gives them new skills and competencies.

Between 2016 and 2023, 950 students studied at Ege U3A and 275 students graduated. In the program, where the trainings are carried out entirely on a voluntary basis, nearly 300 teachers teach. In addition to the weekday classes, public seminars are also held in Ege U3A training.

The university's theoretical courses include lifelong health, geriatrics, law, parasitology, healthy aging, psychology, communication, palliative care, archaeology, oral and dental health, philosophy, mythology and cosmology. Practical lessons can be listed as psychodrama, folk dances, tango, yoga, photography, cooking, knitting, story workshop, rag doll workshop, choir and aikido.

U3A students carry out projects in cooperation with non-governmental organizations for community service and intergenerational communication

Courses

Nunawading U3A Belly Dancing Group at the 2012 Carnival of Learning at Federation Square, Melbourne

Typical courses include Art, Classical Studies, Conversation, Computers, Crafts, Debate, Drama, Film/Cinema Studies, History, Languages, Literature, Music, Sciences, Social Sciences, and Philosophy.

There are also many less educationally-focused activities, such as Games (including bridge tuition and duplicate bridge playing groups), Health, Fitness & Leisure (including countryside walks), Theatre/Concert Clubs, Travel Clubs, and Dance in all its forms.

Some study groups work to a formal syllabus, but others draw on current affairs or specific interests of group members. Some groups are designed to cross disciplinary boundaries, for example, combining Society, Technology and Science in a fashion not practical in more formal academic environments.

U3A groups are well positioned to conduct serious research into local history and genealogy. For example, a group in Eyemouth collected and exhibited many photographs of life and work in the district over the years. Some groups aim to bridge the generation gap in the field of information technology.

Bibliography

• Midwinter, E. (2004) "500 Beacons: The U3A Story", Third Age Press UK. KINDLE edition (2014).
• Beckett, Francis. The U3A Story (PDF). Third Age Trust. Retrieved Feb 24, 2016.
• Formosa, M. (2000). "Older adult education in a Maltese University of the Third Age: A critical perspective". Education and Ageing, 15(3): 315–339.
• Formosa, M. (2005). "Feminism and critical educational gerontology: An agenda for good practice". Ageing International, 30(4): 396–411.
• Formosa, M. (2007). "A Bourdieusian interpretation of the University of the Third Age in Malta". Journal of Maltese Education Research, 4(2): 1–16.
• Formosa, M. (2009). "Renewing Universities of the Third Age: Challenges and visions for the future". Recerca, 9: 171–196.
• Formosa, M. (2010). "Lifelong learning in later life: The Universities of the Third Age". Lifelong Learning Institute Review, 5: 1–12.
• Kerka, S. (1999). Universities of the Third Age: Learning in Retirement. Trends and Issues Alert No. 2. www.calpro-online.org
• Midwinter, Eric C. (1984), Mutual aid universities: a self-help approach to educating older people, Routledge, ISBN 0-7099-3523-4
• Swindell, R. & Thompson, J. (1995). "An international perspective of the University of the Third Age". Educational Gerontology, 21(5): 429–447.
• Swindell, R. (2002). "U3A Online: a virtual university of the third age for isolated older people". International Journal of Lifelong Education 21(5): 414–429.
• Szeloch, H. (2011). "Na naukę nigdy nie jest za późno". "Nowe Życie", (445)9: 11–12.
• Sevnaz Sahin, Nurgul Kocakoc, Mehmet Emin Arayici, Bugce Kamer Baybas, Hayal Boyacioglu, Selahattin Fehmi Akcicek. Evaluation of the quality of life in the university of third age students: a cross-sectional study. European Geriatric Medicine. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-023-00764-3
• Nurgül Kocakoç, Sevnaz Şahin, Fehmi Akçiçek, Elderly Friendly Hospital Concept First Application in Our Country: Izmir Model, Special Issue of Health Sciences, Vol.6, No.3, 2020, 158-170.
• Kocakoç N, Şahin S. Age-friendly health institutions. Uçku SR, Simsek Keskin H, editors. Elderly Health and Problems. 1st Edition. Ankara: Türkiye Clinics; 2021. p.55-61.
• Yavuz C, Şahin S. The impact of a videoconferencing-implemented program on older adults' psychosocial health in the COVID-19 pandemic: an experimental study.Psychogeriatrics. 2023 Apr 18. doi: 10.1111/psyg.12961. Aegean
• 3. Age University (Aegean Refreshment) Textbook 1, İzmir 2021.
• Nurgül Kocakoç, Sevnaz Şahin, Fehmi Akçiçek, Elderly Friendly Hospital Concept First Application in Our Country: Izmir Model, Special Issue of Health Sciences, Vol.6, No.3, 2020, 158-170.