Paris Convention of 1919
The Paris Convention of 1919 (formally, the Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation) was the first international convention to address the political difficulties and intricacies involved in international aerial navigation. The convention was concluded under the auspices of the International Commission for Air Navigation (forerunner to ICAO). It attempted to reduce the confusing patchwork of ideologies and regulations which differed by country by defining certain guiding principles and provisions, and was signed in Paris on 13 October 1919.
History
[edit]The first passenger-carrying airline flight happened in 1913 with the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line.[1] Before that time, aircraft had been used to carry mail and other cargo. With the start of World War I in 1914, aircraft were being operated internationally to carry not only cargo, but also as military assets. The international use of aircraft brought up questions about air sovereignty. The arguments over air sovereignty at the time factored into one of two main viewpoints: either no state had a right to claim sovereignty over the airspace overlying its territory, or every state had the right to do so.[2]
The Paris Convention of 1919 sought to determine this question as part of the process of framing the convention's assumptions, and it was decided that each nation has absolute sovereignty over the airspace overlying its territories and waters.
The nations that signed the treaty were: Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, the British Empire, China, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, the Hejaz, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Siam, Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay. Ultimately, the convention was ratified by 11 states, including Persia, which had not signed it. The United States never ratified it because of its linkage to the League of Nations.[citation needed] The treaty came into force in 1922.
The Paris Convention was superseded by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as the Chicago Convention).
Principles
[edit]The following principles governed the drafting of the convention:[3]
- Each nation has absolute sovereignty over the airspace overlying its territories and waters. A nation, therefore, has the right to deny entry and regulate flights (both foreign and domestic) into and through its airspace.
- Each nation should apply its airspace rules equally to its own and foreign aircraft operating within that airspace, and make rules such that its sovereignty and security are respected while affording as much freedom of passage as possible to its own and other signatories' aircraft.
- Aircraft of contracting states are to be treated equally in the eyes of each nation's law.
- Aircraft must be registered to a state, and they possess the nationality of the state in which they are registered.
Contents
[edit]It had 9 chapters, dealing with:[3]
- General Principles
- Nationality of aircraft
- Certificates of airworthiness and competency
- Admission to air navigation above foreign territory
- Rules to be observed on departure when under way and on landing
- Prohibited transport
- State aircraft
- International Commission for air navigation
- Final Provisions
Related
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Federal Aviation Administration (2008). Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. USDOT. p. 494. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
- ^ De Remer, Dale; Mc Lean, Donald W. (1998). Global Navigation for Pilots (2nd ed.). Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. p. 370. ISBN 978-1560273127.
- ^ a b "Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation". League of Nations Treaty Series. 13 October 1919. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
External links
[edit]- Text, League of Nations Treaty Series
- The Postal History of ICAO: The 1919 Paris Convention
- International Civil Aviation Organization treaties
- Treaties concluded in 1919
- 1919 in aviation
- 1919 in Paris
- League of Nations treaties
- Treaties of Belgium
- Treaties of Bolivia
- Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
- Treaties of the French Third Republic
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
- Treaties of the Empire of Japan
- Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- Treaties of Thailand
- Treaties of Liberia
- Treaties of the Qajar dynasty
- Treaties of the United States
- Treaties of the First Brazilian Republic
- Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
- Treaties of Cuba
- Treaties of Ecuador
- Treaties of Guatemala
- Treaties of Haiti
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Hejaz
- Treaties of Honduras
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
- Treaties of Nicaragua
- Treaties of Panama
- Treaties of Peru
- Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
- Treaties of Czechoslovakia
- Treaties of Uruguay
- Treaties extended to Canada
- Treaties extended to Australia
- Treaties extended to New Zealand
- Treaties extended to the Union of South Africa
- Treaties extended to British India
- Treaties signed in Paris